CC QC Flashcards
1
Q
midpoint of a set of values
A
median
2
Q
average of set of values. measures of central tendency
A
mean
3
Q
the most frequent among all values/data
A
mode
4
Q
laboratories are given samples with unknown conc. for them to test and results are compared with other laboratories
A
interlab QC
5
Q
used for daily monitoring of accuracy and precision of method used. detects random and systematic errors.
A
intralab QC
6
Q
defined as the ability of a method to measure the analyte of interest only
A
specificity
7
Q
defined as the ability of a method to measure the analyte even at its lowest conc.
A
sensitivity
8
Q
a colorless solution with a known conc. of substances used for calibration
A
standard
9
Q
simplest expression of spread of distribution, it is the difference between the highest and lowest score in a data
A
range
10
Q
most frequent used measure of variation
A
SD
11
Q
index of precision
A
CV
12
Q
used to assess if there is a statistical difference between the means of 2 groups of data
A
T-test
13
Q
used to assess if there is a statistical difference between the SD of 2 groups of data
A
F-test
14
Q
most widely used QC chart
plotted to give visual indication if lab test is working
A
shewhart levey-jennings chart ( dot plot)
15
Q
six or more consecutive values that either increase or decrease gradually (will cross the mean) main cause: reagent deterioration
A
trend
16
Q
six or more consecutive values that are distributed on one or the other side of the mean (does not cross the mean) main cause: improper instrument calibration
A
shift
17
Q
used to check if there are significant differences between present set of values to that of past values on the sample of the same individual
A
delta check
18
Q
a way of improving product processing to eliminate defects
A
six sigma
19
Q
unit expression of wavelength
A
nanometer
20
Q
distance between two successive peaks
A
wavelength
21
Q
entity that this transmitted by electromagnetic waves
A
energy
22
Q
number of waves that passes a point of observation per one unit of time
A
frequency
23
Q
measure electric potential
A
potentiometry
24
Q
measures light blocked
A
turbidimetry
25
measures light scattered molecules, used for measuring amount of Ag-Ab complexes
nephelometry
26
serves as both light source and cuvette
flame
27
separation is based upon differences in characteristics (both physical and chemical) of substances, used for amino acid determination, drugs and sugars
chromatography
28
square of SD
variance
29
nearness of measured value to that of the target value
accuracy
30
nearness of measured value to each other
precision
31
affects precision of repeated measures, by chance, varies from sample to sample
random errors
32
affects accuracy of mean measures, influence observation consistently in one direction
systematic error
33
error that occurs in hand written labels, request forms, and results, HIGHEST SOURCE OF ERROR IN THE LABORATORY
clerical error
34
type of systemic error in the sample direction and magnitude; the magnitude of change is constant and not dependent on amount of analyte
constant error
35
error dependent on analyte conc.
proportional error
36
errors encountered in the collection, preparation, measurement of samples including the transcription and releasing of lab results
variation
37
known analyte with multiple samples resembling human spx, serum-like yellow
control reagent
38
levels of control solutions in general cheistry
2
39
levels of control solutions in immunoassay
3
40
highly sensitive methods are prone to
false positive results
41
highly specific methods are prone to
false negative
42
what are the test for imprecision
SD, PRECISION, F-TEST
43
what are the test for inaccuracy
mean, accuracy, T-test
44
signifies constant systemic error
y-intercept
45
acceptable range of CV (beyond it determines an imprecise QC
2-4%
46
horizontal, abscissa, Ind Var
x-axis
47
vertical, ordinate, dependent var
y-axis
48
analyze precision within or between run or total imprecision
ANOVA (analysis of variance)
49
is the proposal that there is no difference in a comparison
null hypothesis (HO)
50
is incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis and stating that two groups are statistically different when they really not
type I error (alpha error)
51
is incorrectly failing to reject the null hypothesis and stating that two groups are not statistically different when they really are
type II error (beta error)
52
states the relationship between pre-tests and post-tests
Bayes' Theorem
53
best utilized to establish reference values
gaussian curve
(normal bell-shaped curve)
54
sequential analysis to detect change. its advantage is it can detect earliest errors of trend but only available in computers
cumulative sum graph (cumsum)
55
most common method used in cumsum
V-mask
56
analyze 2 samples, compare results obtained on a high and low control serum from different laboratories
youden plot (twin plot)
57
determine the specific performance limits of an assay, detects random and systematic errors through multiple rules
westgard control chart (multirule chart)
58
random errors in westgard control chart
1 2s,
1 3s,
R 4s
59
systematic errors in westgard control chart
2 2s,
3 1s,
4 1s,
6 x,
7 T,
8 15,
10x
60
type of control chart used to monitor either variables, or attributes type data using the monitored business or industrial process's entire history output
EWMA chart
(exponentially weighted moving average chart)
61
control values that are too far from the mean or highly deviating values
outliers
62
at least how many individuals need to be tested, to derive reliable estimates of reference intervals?
120
63
measurement of organizations products or services against specific standards for comparison and improvement
benchmarking
64
trends on organizations productivity overtime
internal benchmarking
65
compares a laboratory's productivity w/ that of other labs
external benchmarking
66
clinical laboratory category for secondary lab
routine chemistry
67
clinical laboratory category for tertiary lab
special chemistry
68
results difference of greater than __ indicates disagreement with other lab included
2SD
69
best chart for internal QC
LJ chart
70
best chart for external QC
youden chart
71
linear regression analysis used to compare two methodologies using the best fit line through the data points
deming regression analysis
72
graphical representation of the deming regression analysis
deming plot
73
lowest amount of analyte accurately detected by a method
LoD (limit of detection)
74
range of analyte conc. that can be directly measured without dilution, conc., or other pre-treatment
AMR (analytic measurement range)
75
refers to the difference between the measured value and the mean expressed as a number of SDs.
SDI (standard deviation index)
76
body component (e.g., fluid, urine, etc.) in which the analyte is to be measured
matrix
77
effects of a compounds on the accuracy of detection of a particular analyte
interference
78
ability of an analytic test to measure a known amount of analyte; a known amount of analyte is added to real sample matrices
recovery
79
random error plus systemic error
total error
80
- tool to reduce waste
- increase production and manufacture
-focuses on workflow speed
lean system
81
5s of lean system
sort
set in order
shine
standardize
sustain
+ (PDCA)
82
improvement methodology
- each phase has one or 2 key objectives and corresponding tasks to be completed
DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, and control)
83
project coaches leaders
black belts
84
project team members
green belts
85
project sponsors
blue belts
86
most lab work are at what sigma levels?
3
87
recommended sigma levels
4
88
ideal sigma level
6
89
measures transmitted light in a colored solution
spectrophotometry
90
simplest type of absorption spectrometer, 1 measurement at a time
single beam spectrophotometer
91
splits monochromatic light into 2 components
double beam spectrophotometer
92
double beam in space uses how many photodetector/s?
2
93
double beam in time uses how many photodetector/s?
1
94
measurement of light intensity using specific wavelength
photometric measurement
95
measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength
spectrophotometric measurement
96
provide polychromatic light
light source
97
emits radiation that changes in intensity, widely used among lab
continuum source
98
emit a limited number of discrete lines or bands of radiation
line source
99
commonly used filters in fluorometers
mercury vapor lamps
(N: gas discharge lamp)
100
most commonly used for visible -infrared based sources
tungsten
101
routinely used for UV light based light source
deuterium
102
used in most spectrofluorometers utilizing high pressure for determining excitation spectra
xenon
(N: gas discharge lamp)
103
WHAT ARE THE UV LAMPS?
mercury
xenon
hydrogen
deuterium
104
WHAT ARE THE IR LAMPS?
merst glower
globar silicon carbide
105
minimizes unwanted stray light
entrance slit
106
isolate specific individual wavelength and sharp out off filter
monochromator
107
wedge shaped glass, quartz, sodium chloride
prisms
108
allows only a narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvette
exit slit
109
a.k.a absorption cell or analytical cell that holds the solution which conc. is to be measured
sample cuvette
110
most commonly used in sample cuvettes
alumina silica glass
111
conc. of the unknown substance is directly proportional to absorbed light/ inversely proportional to transmitted light
beer's law
112
blank that contains only the serum but w/o the reagent
blanking technique
113
corrects the absorbance by the color of the reagents
reagent blank
114
measures the absorbance of the sample
sample blank
115
what will you do to cuvettes w/ scratch on optical surface
discard
116
range where silica cuvettes transmit light effectively
≥ 220
117
caused by prolonged standing w/ alkaline solutions
dissolving and etching
118
routine path length of cuvettes, to increase absorbance factor by 10x, increase length to 10 cm
1 cm
119
detects and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy
photodetector
120
anode and cathode on glass tube
phototube
121
simplest and lest expensive photodetector (barrier layer cell)
photocell
122
most common, most sensitive photodetector
photomultiplier tube
123
Needs excitation
- measures light emitted by 1 atom burned in a flame
- excitation of electron from lower to higher energy state
flame emission photometry
124
has excellent linearity
photodiode
125
no excitation, needs pre-warming
- the most sensitive and specific among the 3 colorimetric method
atomic absorption spectrophotometry
126
a.k.a titration
unknown solution + known solution= color change
volumetry
127
chloride analysis
schales and schales
128
calcium analysis
EDTA titration method
129
amount of light blocked
turbidimetry
130
scattering of a beam o light b particles roughly the same size as the wavelength of light
tyndall scattering
131
emission of low-energy light quickly after absorbing high energy light
fluorescence
132
production of light
luminescence
133
predominantly elastic scattering of light by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation
Rayleigh-debye scttering
134
elastic scattered light of particles that have a diameter similar to or larger than the wavelength of the incident light
Mie scattering
135
utilizes 2 monochromators
-amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation
- AFFECTED BY QUENCHING
- measure amount of light over a DARK background
fluorometry
136
is the reduction or limitation of a particle in a excited state
quenching
137
no excitation is required and no monochromators are needed
chemiluminescence
138
changes in colligative property of solutions that occur due to variations in particle conc.
osmometry
139
osmotic particles
glucose, BUN, sodium
140
what are the colligative properties
osmotic pressure
boiling point
freezing point
vapor pressure
141
increase osmolarity.
increased: ?
decreased: ?
increased: freezing point
decreased: vapor pressure
142
use to scan and quantitate serum protein electrophoresis
densitometry
143
OD 450: ?
bilirubin
144
gold standard for new born screening
MS/MS
145
gold standard for drug testing
GC-MS
146
diffusion of molecules in 2D-plane system
planar form chromatography
147
diffusion of analytes in 3D-multidirectional system
column form chromatography
148
fragmentation and ionization of molecules using suitable source of energy
- DESTRUCTIVE
mass spectroscopy
149
fractionation of sugar and AA through whattman paper sorbent
thin layer chromatography
150
determine the structure of organic compound
-NON-DESTRUCTIVE
- requires larger sample volume
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
151
migration based on electrical charge
electrophoresis
152
migration based on PH gradient
isoelectric focusing
153
ISE that require no sample dilution
Direct Ise
154
ISE that require sample dilution
indirect ise
155
measurement amount of electricity at fixed potential in coulombs
- uses faraday's law
coulometry
156
causes interferences in coulometry
bromide
cyanide
cysteine
