Cell Anatomy & Physiology 1

Question 1

What is the cell theory?

Answer 1

• The cell is the smallest unit of life
• All organisms are made up of one or more cells
• Cells only arise from other cells

Question 2

The general composition of cell

Answer 2

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus.

Question 3

4 main functions of cell

Answer 3

• cell metabolism
• sysnthesis of molecules
• communication
• reproduction and inheritance

Question 4

refers to all the chemical reactions that happen in cells to convert food into energy. Essentially, it’s how cells turn what we eat into the fuel they need to function.

Answer 4

Cell metabolism and energy use

Question 5

the process where cells create new substances by putting smaller parts together. For example, cells can combine simple sugars to make more complex sugars or build proteins from amino acids. It’s like assembling building blocks to form something new and useful for the body.

Answer 5

Synthesis of molecules

Question 6

how cells send and receive messages to coordinate their actions.They use signals, like hormones or proteins, to share information with each other. This helps cells work together, respond to their environment, and maintain balance in the body.

Answer 6

Communication

Question 7

Cells contain a copy of genetic information to be passed of by future generations

Answer 7

Reproduction and inheritance

Question 8

has phospholipid bilayer and fluid quality to allow phospholipid to move and boundary between materials in and out of the cell

Answer 8

Plasma Membrane

Question 9

What is the structure of cell membrane called?

Answer 9

fluid mosaic model

Question 10

most membrane lipids are ________ but 20% is ________

Answer 10

phospholipid ; cholesterol

Question 11

helps stiffen the plasma membrane

Answer 11

cholesterol

Question 12

make up about half of plasma membrane and are responsible for specialized functions

Answer 12

Membrane Proteins

Question 13

Two types of membrane proteins

Answer 13

integral & peripheral

Question 14

embedded in the membrane, most are transmembrane proteins

Answer 14

Integral proteins

Question 15

not embedded ; loosely attached and has hydrophobic region

Answer 15

Peripheral proteins

Question 16

Intergral protein functions are:

Answer 16

transport channels, carriers, enzymes, receptor/signal transducer

Question 17

Peripheral protein functions are:

Answer 17

structural support, enzymes, motor proteins, linking cells

Question 18

are integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to pass through

Answer 18

Transport proteins

Question 19

refers to their ability to selectively move certain molecules or ions across cell membranes.

Answer 19

Specificity

Question 20

happens when different molecules try to use the same transport protein to enter or exit a cell.

Answer 20

Competition

Question 21

refers to the point at which all available transport proteins in a cell are fully occupied with molecules.

Answer 21

Saturation

Question 22

• are glycoproteins have have an exposed receptor side and used as an intercellular communication and coordination system with specificity that specific cellular responses only get triggered by specific signals

Answer 22

Receptor proteins

Question 23

allows immune system to recognize pathogens

Answer 23

Receptor proteins

Question 24

can catalyze reactions in or out the surface of plasma membrane

Answer 24

Enzymes

Question 25

are special proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in the body. They act like tools or helpers that make it easier for reactions to happen, allowing our cells to function efficiently.

Answer 25

Enzymes

Question 26

populate the extracellular surface of plasma membrane and are attached to most membrane proteins forming glycoproteins and some membrane form glycolipids

Answer 26

Carbohydrates

Question 27

collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and other carbohydrates on the outer surface of plasma membrane

Answer 27

Glycocalyx

Question 28

Molecules and substances in the plasma membrane can move in two ways:

Answer 28

Passive and Active

Question 29

does not require require energy and involves diffusion of molecules along concentration gradient

Answer 29

Passive transport

Question 30

requires energy due to movement of molecular physiology against concentration gradient

Answer 30

Active transport

Question 31

the movement of molecules or ions from one area of higher concentration to a lower one

Answer 31

Diffusion

Question 32

the greater the difference in concentration, the faster the diffusion

Answer 32

Concentration

Question 33

smaller molecules diffuse more rapidly

Answer 33

Molecular size

Question 34

higher temperature increases the energy available and thus, the speed of diffusion increases

Answer 34

Temperature

Question 35

- substances readily dissolve - includes: gasses, steroid hormones, and fatty acids

Answer 35

Simple diffusion

Question 36

criteria to determine how easily substances will diffuse

Answer 36

lipid solubility and size

Question 37

- bigger lipid molecules can't pass through bilipid layer - bigger molecules like sugar and amino acid can be carried by carrier proteins - ions and water can pass through channel proteins, depending on size and charge

Answer 37

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 38

- diffusion of solvent through selectively permeable membrane - movement of water molecules through a cell membrane from an area where there’s a lot of water to an area where there’s less water. It happens naturally, without using energy

Answer 38

Osmosis

Question 39

refers to the total concentration of all solutes particles dissolved in a solution

Answer 39

Osmolarity

Question 40

the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by changing the cell’s internal water volume

Answer 40

Tonicity

Question 41

Tonicity: retains its size

Answer 41

Isotonic

Question 42

Tonicity: shrinks

Answer 42

Hypertonic

Question 43

Tonicity: becomes bloated and bursts

Answer 43

Hypotonic

Question 44

- occurs when a cell uses energy to move solutes - typically for substances too large to pass through channels, lipid insoluble materials or moving them against a concentration gradient

Answer 44

Active transport

Question 45

uses energy from ATP by transport called pumps

Answer 45

Primary active transport

Question 46

driven by energy stored in concentration of ions created by the primary pumps, uses cotransport protein

Answer 46

Secondary active transport

Question 47

Uses cotransport

Answer 47

Secondary active transport

Question 48

important in various physiologic functions like muscle contraction and nerve stimulation

Answer 48

Primary active transport

Question 49

Three types of passive transport

Answer 49

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis