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Biology 1 > Cell and Organelles > Flashcards

Cell and Organelles Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

What is cell?

A

Basic living unit of organization and function in all organisms.

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2
Q

Explain about cells in unicellular organisms.

A

Made up of only one cell.
Carries out all the functions needed
Amoeba and Paramecium

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3
Q

Explain about cells in multicellular organisms.

A

Composed of more than one cell with specialized and various functions.
Plants and animals

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4
Q

How does Paramecium makes its own food?

A

Green in color.
Contains chloroplast.
Can do photosynthesis.

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5
Q

What is the tissue?

A

Group of cells of the same kind

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6
Q

What is an organ?

A

Structure composed of one or more types of tissues that works together to perform specific function.

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7
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Group of organs that work together to perform a certain function.

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8
Q

What is an organism?

A

Individual living thing made up of one or more organ systems.

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9
Q

Arrange the levels of multi cellular organisms.

A

Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

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10
Q

When was microscope invented and further improved?

A

Invented in 1590
Observed dead cork tissue in 1665
Sufficient for study use in late 19th century

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11
Q

What is the types of microscope?

A

Light microscope
Electron microscope

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12
Q

How does light microscope work?

A

Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses which refracts the light to magnify the image as it is projected.

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13
Q

What are the three important characteristics of microscope?

A

Magnification
Resolution
Contrast

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14
Q

What is magnification?

A

Ratio of an object’s image size to its real size.

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15
Q

What is resolution?

A

The measure of the clarity of the image
The minimum distance of two distinguishable point.

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16
Q

What is contrast?

A

Visible differences in brightness between light and dark areas of an image.

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17
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

A beam of electrons is focused through the specimen or onto its surface.
The lenses are made from electromagnet.

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18
Q

What are the two types of electron microscope?

A

Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope

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19
Q

How to use SEM?

A

Specimen is coated with thin film of gold.
A beam of electron focused on the specimen’s surface that provides 3D images
Used to study specimen topography

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20
Q

How to use TEM?

A

Specimen is stained with atoms of heavy metals such as lead.
A beam of electrons is focused through the specimen
Used to study internal structure of cells.

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21
Q

What is the advantage of light microscope over electron microscope?

A

Cheaper
Easy to operate and maintain it
Portable
Only uses visible light
Can observe live specimen

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22
Q

Talk about prokaryotic cell.

A

Nucleus is absent
DNA in an unbounded region called nucleoid
No membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm bounded by plasma membrane
Smaller in size
Bacterias

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23
Q

Talk about eukaryotic cell.

A

Nucleus is present
DNA in nucleus bounded by double membrane
Have membrane bounded organelles
Cytoplasm is between plasma membrane and nucleus
Protists, fungi, animal and plant cells

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24
Q

What are the features common in both cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance in cytoplasm called cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes

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25
What are the structures on a prokaryotic cell?
Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Glycocalyx Flagella
26
WTF is fimbriae?
Attachment structures on the surface.
27
WTF is nucleoid?
Region where the DNA is located
28
WTF is a ribosome?
Complexes that synthesize proteins.
29
WTF is plasma membrane?
Membrane enclosing the cytoplasm
30
What is cell wall?
Rigid structure outside the plasma membrane
31
WTF is glycocalyx?
Outer coating that consist of capsule or a slime layer
32
WTF is flagella?
Locomotion organelles.
33
Bacteria can be classified into?
Gram positive and Gram negative
34
What can you talk about Gram positive bacterias?
Thick peptidoglycan layer No outer lipid membrane
35
What can you talk about gram negative bacteria?
Thin peptidoglycan layer Have outer lipid membrane
36
Gram positive bacteria will be stained in what color?
Purple
37
Gram negative bacteria will be stained in what color?
Red
38
What is the process of Gram staining technique?
Purple dye. Alcohol to rinse off unabsorbed purple dye. If there's purple dye then it's positive. Safranin dye gives red color. If it's red then it's negative.
39
What does an internal membrane in eukaryotic cell do?
Divide the cell into compartments known as the organelles.
40
What does the organelle do?
Provide different local environments that support specific metabolic function. Different processes occur simultaneously.
41
What is the nucleus?
Contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the biggest organelle and easily seen.
42
What does the nuclear envelope do?
Encloses the nucleus and separating it from the cytoplasm
43
The nuclear envelope consists of what?
Inner and outer membrane Each consisting of a lipid bilayer
44
The double membranes are perforated by?
Pores with each of them lined by pore complex, a protein
45
What does pore complex do?
Regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus
46
What surrounds nuclear envelope?
Nuclear lamina, protein Maintains nucleus shape
47
How is DNA organized in nucleus?
Discrete units called chromosomes.
48
What is a chromatin?
The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes.
49
How is chromosomes formed?
Chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes as cell is ready to divide.
50
What is the nucleolus?
Located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal synthesis, rRNA
51
How does ribosomes formed?
Proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with RNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes. Subunits exit the nucleus through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm to be assembled as ribosome.
52
What is the ribosome?
Complexes made of rRNA and protein. Large subunit and small subunit joined together
53
What does ribosome do?
Protein synthesis.
54
What are the types of ribosome?
Free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol Bound ribosomes attached to outside of ER or the nuclear envelope
55
What does the endomembrane system do?
Protein synthesis Transport of protein into membranes and organelles Transport proteins out the cell Metabolism and movement of lipids Poison detoxification
56
What are the two distinct regions of ER?
Smooth lacks ribosome Rough studded with ribosome
57
What does the smooth ER do?
Synthesize lipids Metabolize carbohydrates Detoxifies drugs and poisons Store calcium ions
58
What does the rough ER do?
Ribosomes secrete secretory proteins such as glycoproteins Release them by transport vesicles from transitional ER Membrane factory of the cell
59
Describe the synthesis of protein by ER.
Protein synthesized from ribosome migrates into rough ER tunnel system Protein folds into functional shape Short sugar chains attaches forming glycoprotein Packaged into tiny membranous sac called transport vesicle Buds from rough ER travels to GA for further processing
60
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Consists of a stack of flattened membranous sac called cisternae that are not physically connected
61
Each stack has how many areas?
cis face - entry trans face - exit
62
What is the function of GA?
Modifies products in ER Manufactures certain macromolecules such as polysaccharides Sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
63
What are the type of packages?
Secretory vesicles In house proteins and lipids Lysosomes
64
What is a lysosome?
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
65
In what environment does the lysosomal enzymes work best?
pH 5 - acidic
66
How is lysosome formed?
Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by rough ER and transferred to GA for further processing
67
What does lysosome do?
Carry out intracellular digestion through phagocytosis and autophagy.
68
What is phagocytosis?
Process of engulfing smaller organisms or food particles which then formed food vacuole. This fuses with lysosome and its enzyme digests the food.
69
What is autophagy?
Process of lysosome using their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell's own organic material. Damaged organelles or small amount of cytosol
70
What is vacuole?
Large vesicles derived from the ER and GA
71
What is the function of vacuole in plant cell?
Carry out enzymatic hydrolysis Reservoir for important organic compound Store of poisonous or unpalatable compounds for protection against herbivores Contains pigments to attract insects on flowers
72
What is the function of vacuole in animal cell?
Food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of cell to maintain suitable concentration of ions and molecules
73
What is mitochondria?
Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP/
74
What is the double membrane of a mitochondria is made up from?
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
75
The double membrane consists of?
Smooth outer membrane Inner membrane folded into cristae
76
The folded surface in mitochondria gives what?
Larger surface area
77
What are the compartments in the inner membrane?
Intermembrane space Mitochondrial matrix
77
What is the intermembrane space?
Narrow region between inner and outer membranes
77
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
Contains many different enzymes, mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
78
Describe chloroplast.
Functions in photosynthetic Contains green pigment chlorophyll, enzymes and other molecules Found in leaves and green organs
79
What is a thylakoid?
Membranous, flattened and interconnected sacs stacked to form granum
80
What is a stroma?
Internal fluid that contains chloroplast DNA, enzymes and ribosome
81
What is the benefit of chloroplast?
Convert light energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis
82
What is the interaction of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
c6h12o6 + 6o2 = 6co2 + 6h2o + ATP
83
What is peroxisomes?
Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
84
What does peroxisomes do?
Contains enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
85
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Breakdown fatty acids into smaller molecules for cellular respiration Detoxify harmful compounds in liver
86
What is the cytoskeleton?
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
87
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Mechanical support Maintains shape Anchorage for organelles Cell motility
88
Cytoskeleton is composed of what?
Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments
89
What is microtubules made of?
Hollow tubes of alpha and beta tubulins
90
What is microtubules functions?
Maintains shape Cell motility Chromosome movement Organelle movement
91
What is microfilaments made of?
Two intertwined strands of actin
92
What is microfilaments functions?
Maintains shape Changes in cell shape Muscle contraction Cell motility Cell division
93
What is intermediate filaments made of?
Fibrous keratin coiled into cables
94
What is intermediate filaments functions?
Maintains shape Anchorage of organelles Formation of nuclear lamina
95
Microtubules grow out from what?
Centrosome
96
What is a centrosome?
Region located near the nucleus Contains a pair of centrioles
97
Each of centrioles are made from what?
Nine sets of three microtubules right angled to each other
98
What is cilia and flagella?
Microtubule containing extensions that project from some cells Works as locomotor appendages
99
Talk about cilia.
Large number on cell surface Short Back and forth motion (fast power and slow recovery stroke) At trachea
100
Talk about flagella.
One or few per cell Long Snakelike motion On sperm
101
What is the structure of cilia and flagella?
On the extension of plasma membrane Dynein, a motor protein that drives bending movement 9 + 2 pattern = nine doublets arranged like ring with two single microtubules in center Anchored in cell by basal body with microtubules triplet = 9+0 pattern
102
What are the functions of cell wall?
Protects the plant cell Maintains shape Prevent excessive uptake of water
103
What are the layers of cell wall?
Primary - thin and flexible Middle lamella - rich in pectin Secondary - strong and durable matrix in mature plants
104
What is cell junctions?
Direct physical contact for neighboring cells in tissues, organs, organ systems to adhere, interact and communicate
105
What is the cell junction for plant cells?
Plasmodesmata
106
What is the cell junction for animal cells?
Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
107
What is plasmodesmata?
Channels that perforate plant cell walls Water and small solutes pass from cell to cell continuously
108
What is tight junctions?
Membranes of neighboring cells pressed together and bound by specific proteins Prevents leakage of EC fluid
109
What is desmosomes?
Intermediate filaments anchors it in cytoplasm Fasten cells together into strong sheets
110
What is gap junctions?
Consists of membrane proteins that surrounds a pore that ions and small molecules pass through As cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
111
What is cell fractioning?
Preparation of specific cells components in bulk and identify their functions by taking cells apart and separating major organelles from one another.
112
Who does cell fractioning?
Centrifuges
113
How does centrifuges work?
Spins test tubes holding mixtures of disrupted cells at differential centrifugation Each speed forms new pellets at the bottom
114
What are the components in different speeds?
Lower speed - large components Higher speed - smaller components

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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