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Biology 1 > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all the chemical activities taking place in an organism.

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2
Q

What is two types of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Process of synthesizing complex molecules from simpler substances.
Endergonic process.

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4
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Process of broken down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
Exergonic process

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5
Q

What is endergonic process?

A

Absorb energy and produce products with more energy than reactants.

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6
Q

What is exergonic process?

A

Release energy and produce products with less energy than reactants.

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7
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A catabolic process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions in which energy in chemical bonds of nutrients is converted to chemical energy stored in ATP.

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8
Q

What are the types of cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation

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9
Q

Talk about aerobic respiration.

A

Redox process in which glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
Occurs in eukaryotes.
Oxygen as terminal electron acceptor in ETC.

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10
Q

Talk about anaerobic respiration.

A

Redox process in which glucose is oxidized and organic or inorganic substance is reduced.
Occurs in prokaryotes.
No presence of oxygen needed.

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11
Q

Talk about fermentation.

A

Redox process in which glucose is oxidized and organic substance is reduced.
2 ATP produced per glucose molecule.
Products are alcohol and lactic acid.

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12
Q

What is the aerobic respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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13
Q

What are the by products?

A

Heat
CO2
H2O

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14
Q

What are the processes in aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Formation of Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

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15
Q

Talk about glycolysis.

A

Phosphorylation and splitting of glucose
Occurs in cell cytoplasm
Doesn’t require energy
Breaking down 1 glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvate (3C)
Produces 2 ATP

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16
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Adding a phosphate into a ion or molecule.

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17
Q

Talk about formation of Acetyl CoA.

A

Link reaction between cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Known as oxidative decarboxylation (pyruvate oxidized into acetate).
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation of pyruvate into acetyl group (2C) which then combined with coenzyme A.
Doesn’t produce ATP directly.
Occurs in mitochondrial matrix.

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18
Q

Talk about Krebs Cycle.

A

Known as citric acid cycle/tricarboxylic cycle
Cyclic pathway controlled by enzymes.
Acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) forming citrate (6C)
Occurs in mitochondrial matrix.
Produces 2 ATP

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19
Q

Talk about electron transports chain.

A

ATP production through oxidation and H atoms.
Known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Electrons passed to oxygen as terminal electron acceptor.
Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria (folded as cristae increasing surface area)
Produces 32 ATP.

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20
Q

Where do the 4 stages of cellular respiration occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

E : cytosol, 2 mitochondrial matrix, inner mitochondrial membrane
P : 3 cytosol, mesosome.

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21
Q

What is mesosome?

A

Folding of plasma membrane that gives more surface area for ETC.

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22
Q

What is ATP?

A

A chemical compound used to store and release energy in cells.
A nucleotide consist of adenosine (adenine + ribose) and three phosphate group.
Each phosphate group is negatively charged and repel each other causing unstable bond which provides potential energy in ATP.

23
Q

How does ATP helps to activate carrier proteins?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP forms ADP and its terminal phosphate which transfers to other molecules in carrier proteins and energize them to work in cell.

24
Q

Talk about ATP cycle.

A

ATP hydrolysis to ADP + P produces energy.
Energy for cellular work in endergonic.
Energy from exergonic process.
ATP synthesis from ADP + P requires energy.

25
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Formation of ATP by the transfer of a phosphate to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate.

26
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

Oxidation process where hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule.
Accepted by electron carriers.

27
Q

What are the two phases in glycolysis?

A

Energy Investment
Energy Capture

28
Q

Talk about energy investment phase.

A

Glucose receives phosphate group from ATP molecule through phosphorylation.
Activates glucose which has stable bond.
Phosphorylated glucose is now glucose-6-phosphate.
G6P converted to fructose-6-phosphate.
Another phosphorylation occur forming fructose-1,6-biphosphate.
Split into two molecule of 3C sugar called dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
DP converted to G3P.

29
Q

Talk about energy capture phase.

A

Each G3P oxidized by removal of electrons from 2 hydrogen atoms.
H ion combines with NAD+ forming NADH.
G3P turned into phosphoglycerate.
Inorganic phosphate from cytosol (free phosphate) reacts with PG forming 1,3-biphosphoglycerate.
One phosphate from 13B reacts with ADP to form ATP through SLP and become 3-phosphoglycerate.
3P rearranges to 2-phosphoglycerate.
Water molecule removed from 2P forming phosphoenolpyruvate which has phosphate group attached by unstable bond.
PPP transfer its phosphate group to ADP through SLP producing ATP and pyruvate.

30
Q

What are the number of things produced in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP invested.
4 ATP produced.
Net yield per glucose molecule is 2 ATP.
2 NADH produced.

31
Q

What is the process of formation of Acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvic acid turned into acetic acid (2C) by losing carbon as CO2 and diffused out of cell.
Acetic acid oxidized (dehydrogenation) and NAD+ accepts electron removed forming NADH.
Each acetic acid attached to coenzyme A forming Acetyl CoA.
CoA escorts acetic acid into first reaction of citric acid cycle then stripped and recycled.

32
Q

What are the number of things produced in formation of CoA?

A

2 pyruvate
2 CO2
2 NADH
2 Acetyl CoA

33
Q

What are the process of Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl (2C) donated by acetyl CoA attaches to oxaloacetate (4C) forming citrate (6C).
This condensation catalyzed by citrate synthase.
CoA is a free transporter now recycled to combine with other acetyl group.
Citrate converted to isocitrate through removing and addition of water, catalyzed by aconitase.
Dehydrogenation occurs by removing hydrogens to NAD+ forming NADH, catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Decarboxylation occur forming alpha-ketoglutarate.
Another decarb and dehy occur catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme. (CO2 and NADH formed)
Compound catalyzed by CoA forming succinyl coenzyme A.
CoA displaced by free phosphate group which transferred to GDP forming GTP which transfers its phosphate to ADP forming ATP.
Succinate is formed, catalyzed by succinate CoA synthase.
Dehy of succinate catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase.. Hydrogens transferred to FAD forming FADH2 and compound formed is fumarate.
Water added and fumarate converted to malate, catalyzed by fumarase.
Dehy of malate forming oxaloacetate, catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase.
OA combines with other ACOA, beginning new cycle.

34
Q

What are the number of molecules produced in Krebs cycle?

A

2 Krebs cycle for 2 ACOA
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2

35
Q

What is the connection between electron transport system and chemiosmosis?

A

ETS gives energy for chemiosmosis to produce ATP.

36
Q

Why is ETC known as oxidative phsophorylation?

A

NADH and FADH2 enters ETS.
High energy electrons of their H atoms shuttled from one acceptor to another in a series of exergonic redox reactions.
Some energy produced used to drive the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis.

37
Q

What are the four electron carriers in ETC?

A

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase
Succinate-ubiquinone reductase (peripheral)
Ubiquinone-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
Cytochrome c oxidase

38
Q

What are the two mobile carriers in ETC?

A

Ubiquinone (Q)
Cytochrome c (Cyt c)

39
Q

Briefly explain the process of ETC.

A

Complex 1 accepts electrons from NADH
Complex 2 accepts electrons from FADH2
Reduced complex 1 and 2 donate their electrons to mobile carriers Q and pass them to complex 3, oxidizing 1 and 2.
Complex 3 accepts electrons and passes them to cyt c.
Complex 4 accepts 4 from cyt c and use them to reduce oxygen (terminal electron acceptor) forming H2O.

40
Q

Talk about the movement of H+ ions in ETC.

A

Intermembrane space has high concentration of H+ and mitochondrial matrix has low concentration of H+.
As electrons pass down ETS, some energy used to move H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane (MM to IM)
Moved by Complex 1, 3 and 4 known as hydrogen pump (active transport).
IM saturated with H+ and has low pH (acidic) so some H+ will be transferred back to MM.
Proton gradient is a form of potential energy that provides energy for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
ATP synthase spins when H+ pass through down its concentration gradient (passive transport) is exergonic thus provides energy used to phosphorylate ADP forming ATP.

41
Q

What is the purpose of ATP synthase?

A

As enzyme to catalyze phosphorylation of ADP.
As channel protein that transfers H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane.

42
Q

What happens when aerobe cells are deprived of oxygen?

A

Last cyt c retains its electrons and other acceptors also retains their electrons and entire chain is blocked all the way to NADH.
No additional ATP produced by chemiosmosis.
Insufficient ATP (only produced during SLP) thus organisms cannot live longer without oxygen.

43
Q

How does aerobic respiration produces 36 to 38 ATP?

A

In ETC, oxidation of NADH forms 3 ATP which FADH2 produces 2 ATP.
2 NADH from glycolysis produces 2 or 3 ATPS as certain eukaryotes use energy to shuttle electrons from NADH in cytosol to ETC across mitochondrial membrane.
4 ATP produced from SLP and 32/34 ATP produced from oxidative phosphorylation.
Total is 36/38 ATP for one glucose molecule.

44
Q

What is the process of alcohol fermentation?

A

Glucose undergo glycolysis forming pyruvate and release ATP and NADH.
Pyruvate converted through decarboxylation into 2C compound acetaldehyde and releases CO2.
Acetaldehyde reduced by NADH to ethanol by accepting H+.
NADH converts to NAD+ which regenerate NAD+ supply for glycolysis.

45
Q

What are the uses of alcohol?

A

Ethanol as automobile fuel.
Yeast cells used in baking to produce CO2 which causes dough to rise (product of alcohol evaporates during baking).
Produce beer, wine and other alcohol beverages.

46
Q

What is the lactic acid fermentation?

A

Performed by some fungi and bacteria.
2 ATP and 2 NADH produced through glycolysis when one glucose converted to 2 pyruvate.
Pyruvate reduced directly by NADH forming lactate as end product, regenerating NAD+ with no release of CO2 to continue glycolysis.

47
Q

When is lactate used?

A

Vertebrate muscle produce lactate during exercise which cause fatigue and muscle cramp.
Insufficient supply of oxygen cause muscle to undergo anaerobic respiration which builds up lactate.
80% of lactate carried by blood to liver and converted to pyruvate which then enters mitochondria in liver when oxygen is available to complete cellular respiration.
20% of remaining lactate metabolized in muscle cells with oxygen present to restore muscle cells to normal state.
bacteria that produces lactate utilized to make yogurt.

48
Q

Talk about lipid as alternative energy source.

A

1g lipid ha 38 kJ energy and one 6C fatty acid generate 44 ATP
Transformed into metabolic intermediates that are fed into glycolysis or Krebs cycle.
Fats have more potential energy than glucose.
Both glycerol and fatty acid used as fuel.
Glycerol added to phosphate forming G3P.
Fatty acids are oxidized, split and forms acetic group which binds to coenzyme A forming acetyl CoA.

49
Q

Talk about protein as alternative energy source.

A

Amino acid transformed into metabolic intermediates that are fed into glycolysis or Krebs cycle.
Amine group removed through deamination and exerted as urea.
The carbon group left used as reactant in aerobic respiration.

50
Q

Why is glucose a better option than protein and lipid?

A

Doesn’t require additional pathway as substrate.
Glucose is readily available in blood streams.

51
Q

What is cyanide?

A

Mitochondrial toxin that acts as irreversible enzyme inhibitor that can interfere with ETC.

52
Q

How does cyanide interfere ETC?

A

Cyanide bind tightly to iron (fe3+) in complex 4.
Cytochrome fail to transport electrons to oxygen due to space taken by cyanide.
Passage of electrons blocked for entire chain.
ATP production stop
Decline in ATP production causing cells to die.

53
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

Colorless, odorless lethal gas which is a toxic air pollutant.
High affinity for hemoglobin thus preventing oxygen delivery to body tissues.
Inhibits complex 4 activity and stop overall ATP production in ETC.
Insufficient ATP produced due to only relying on glycolysis (no O2).

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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