Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 1 > Origin of Life > Flashcards

Origin of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Talk about cellular organization.

A

Cellular level consists of atoms, molecules, organelles and cells.
Cell is the basic unit of life.
Organism level consists of tissues, organs, systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Talk about sensitivity.

A

Organisms respond to physical or chemical changes in external or internal environment called stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Talk about biological growth.

A

Increase in size of individual cells of an organisms, in number of cells, or both.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Talk about development.

A

All changes in organism’s life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Talk about reproduction.

A

Maintain the survival and continuity of species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Offspring have same genes as single parent.
Variation by mutations only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Offspring produced by fusion of egg and sperm.
Genes contributed by two parents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Talk about regulation.

A

Organisms regulate their metabolic process.
Metabolism include all chemical activities that take place in an organism such as nutrition, growth and repair, conversion of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Talk about homeostatis.

A

Regulate metabolic process to maintain appropriate, balanced internal environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Talk about hereditary DNA/RNA.

A

DNA is the hereditary material that transmits information from one generation to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes up the genetic code?

A

Sequence of nucleotides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Talk about adaptations.

A

Inherited characteristics that enhance an organisms ability to survive in a particular environment.
Structural, physiological, biochemical, behavioral or a combination of all four.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the theories about the origin in life?

A

Special creation.
Extraterrestrial origin.
Spontaneous origin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Talk about special creation.

A

Life forms may have been put on earth by supernatural or divine forces aka god.
Core of most major religion.
Oldest hypothesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Talk about extraterristrial origin.

A

Panspermia.
Life may not have originated from earth but be infected from some other planet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Talk about spontaneous origin.

A

Abiogenesis states that life may have evolved from inanimate matter as associations among molecules become more and more complex.
Life originated from non living chemical that will make bonds and form complex polymer and the polymers join up to form the first living cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four process needed for spontaneous origin?

A

Non living synthesis of non organic molecules.
Assembly of molecules into polymers.
Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible.
Packaging of these molecules into membranes with internal chemistry different than their surroundings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is there no DNA/RNA mentioned in spontaneous origin?

A

It’s impossible to form them in nature.
Self replicating molecules works the same as them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the theories of formation of universe?

A

The Steady State Theory
The Chaotic Inflation Theory
The Big Bang Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Talk about the steady state theory.

A

Universe has no beginning and no end. It is infinite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Talk about the chaotic inflation theory.

A

Many universe form from different regions of a mother universe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Talk about the big bang theory.

A

Universe has a beginning and it originated from a huge explosion that occurred 15 billion years ago.
Cosmic microwave background radiation was detected.
Before the creation of universe, time, space, and matter didn’t exist.
Formation started with the creation of a very small particle called singularity where a huge explosion occurred.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Talk about the formation of Earth.

A

Age estimated to be 4.5 billion years.
Particles of matter pulled together by gravitational attraction causes the vast cloud in solar system condense into gigantic spinning disc.
90% of matter gravitated to center causing temperature to rise to ignite sun’s thermonuclear reactions.
Heavier elements sank inward to form planet cores while floating lighter gasses blasted away leaving shrunken, dense planets with virtually no gaseous atmosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How did Earth come alive?

A

Immense quantity of thermal energy turned primitive earth with reducing atmosphere into red hot molten orb.
As time passed, collision with meteorite is less frequent and heat decreases.
Earth’s surface cooled and thin crust of crystalline rock formed.
Below it, enormous interior heat produce massive buildups of hot gasses which sparks violent volcanic eruptions.
Repeated eruptions filled the empty atmosphere with hot gasses and steam.
Steam condenses into clouds and becomes rain water which lives earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is reducing atmosphere?
No oxygen in atmosphere.
26
Why is earth the miraculous planet?
Size and its position relative to sun were ideal for life to exist. Water exists in three phases, solid liquid and gas.
27
What would've happened if Earth size is smaller?
Lack the mass necessary to generate enough gravitational force to hold onto its atmospheric gasses, thus lacking atmosphere.
28
What would've happened if Earth size is bigger?
Gravitational force make atmosphere thick for light to pass through thus making impossible for photosynthesis to occur.
29
What would've happened if Earth is closer to sun?
High temperature on surface would've prevented the condensation of steam into liquid.
30
What would've happened if Earth is further from sun?
Freezing temperature would've kept water in solid phase.
31
What was Oparin-Haldane hypothesis?
Early earth has reducing atmosphere with energy for organic compound synthesis came from lightning and intense UV radiation.
32
What is the Miller Urey experiment?
Test OH hypothesis by creating laboratory conditions comparable to early earth. Set up a close system and simulate conditions thought to have existed on early earth.
33
What were the conditions simulated?
Warmed flask of water simulates primeval sea. Reducing atmosphere consisting hydrogen, methane, ammonia, water vapor. Electric sparks to simulate lightning.
34
What was the results of Miller Urey experiment?
Amino acids such as alanine and glutamic acid and complex oily hydrocarbons formed. Organic molecules can be formed in a strong reducing atmosphere.
35
How does simple organic molecules becomes complex?
Reaction of gasses in atmosphere produce simple organic compounds which fell through rain and accumulate in ocean known as primitive soup. Simple organic compounds forms chemical bonds with each other forming complex organic macromolecules such as amino acids, self replicating molecules, lipids and carbohydrates.
36
What are the properties of life?
Ability to replicate accurately or the ability to produce exact copies of itself through self replicating molecules. Metabolism to produce energy in ATP form. Exist together in primitive soup.
37
What is protobionts aka liposome?
Small droplets with membrane that are able to maintain stable internal environment. Also reproduces through budding and has metabolism. From spontaneously from abiotically produced organic compound where lipid when placed in water organizes itself into bilayer. Selectively permeable, undergo osmotic swelling or shrinking, can store energy. Still not a living entity.
38
Talk about prokaryotic cells.
Appeared 3.5 billion years ago so chemical evolution could've happened within earth's first 600 million years. Prokaryotes populated primitive earth for first 2 billion years. Small, anaerobic, heterotrophs, depended on organic molecules as food and competed with each other. Environmental pressure them to evolve into autotroph. Filled earth's atmosphere with oxygen.
39
Talk about internal structure of prokaryotes.
Simple single celled organism with no nuclear membranes or membrane enclosed organelles. No cytoskeleton so no mitosis and meiosis. Genetic material dispersed in cytoplasm and circular called plasmid.
40
What are the two domains of prokaryote?
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria
41
What is domain bacteria?
Vast majority of prokaryotes are bacteria. Some pathogenic some beneficial.
42
What is domain archaebacteria?
Lives in very extreme environments where few organisms can survive. Known as extremophiles.
43
What are the three types of extremophiles?
Extreme thermophiles Extreme halophiles Methanogens
44
What is extreme thermophiles?
Live in very hot environment such as Sulphur rich volcanic springs.
45
What is extreme halophiles?
Live in highly saline areas.
46
What is methanogens?
Produce energy by using CO2 to oxidize H2 and release methane as a product.
47
What is the theories for evolution of prokaryote to eukaryote?
Membrane Invagination theory Serial Endosymbiosis theory
48
What is membrane invagination theory?
Formation of endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane by process of plasma membrane in invagination aka folding. Produces cell with nucleus and endomembrane system.
49
What is the process of MIT?
Ancestral prokaryote contains DNA in cytoplasm with plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm. Plasma membrane undergoes infoldings forming endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope surrounding nucleus.
50
What is serial endosymbiosis hypothesis?
Eukaryote engages in symbiotic relationship with energy producing aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote by engulfing it. EPAHP eventually evolves into mitochondrion and the cell will be known as ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote. Some engulfs photosynthetic prokaryote and forms symbiotic relationship with engulfed prokaryote. PP evolves into plastic/chloroplast found in plant cells known as ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote.
51
What are the evidences supporting SET?
Own circular DNA No histones Own ribosomes Ribosomes are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes.
52
Talk about the oxygen revolution.
O2 produced by oxygenic photosynthesis. Accumulated the atmosphere around 2.7 billion years ago. Oxygen revolution caused extinction of many prokaryotic groups. Some survived and adapted using cellular respiration to harvest energy.
53
Talk about eukaryotic cells.
Oldest fossil aged 1.8 billion years. Has nuclear envelope, mitochondria, ER, cytoskeleton.
54
What is the endosymbiosis theory?
Mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells.
55
What is an endosymbiont?
Cell living within host cell.
56
Talk about multicellular eukaryotes.
Oldest fossil aged 1.2 billion years ago. Ediacaran biota was the first ME.
57
What is the Cambrian explosions?
Sudden appearance in fossils resembling modern animal phyla in Cambrian period. Sudden increase in biodiversity at 535 to 525 million years ago. First evidence of predator-prey interactions.
58
Earth's history is divided into?
Eons. eras, periods, and epochs. Based on major geological, climate and biological events.
59
Boundaries determined by?
Time of mass extinction. Many life forms suddenly disappear and replaced with new life forms.
60
What are the three eons?
Archaean eon and Proterozoic eon (Precambrian) Phanerozoic eon
61
Talk about phanerozoic eon.
Lasted for half a billion years. Most multicellular eukaryotes existed. Eon of visible life.
62
What is the name of supercontinent existing before?
Pangea
63
What are the three eras of phanerozoic eons?
Paleozoic Mesozoic (Age of the Reptiles) Cenozoic
64
Talk about the Permian mass extinction.
Boundary between P and M era where 96% of marine life went extinct. Less than 5 million years ago. Occurred when Earth undergo massive volcanic eruption.
65
Talk about Cretaceous mass extinction.
Occurred 65 million years ago and boundary between M and C era. Dinosaurs, marine and ancient plants disappeared.
66
What is evolution?
Accumulation of inherited genetic changes within population over time. Slow and gradual process forming intermediate species. Genetic variation and type of environment.
67
What are the principles of theory of evolution?
Occur over long period of time. Results of many small, random inheritable changes in the genes which adds up to form new species. More similar species in appearance, the more closer they're related. Most became extinct and never reappear Evolution continues today.
68
How does organism evolve?
Characteristics of organisms change over time, forming new species. Foundation of evolution is genetic variation. Each individual has unique genetic makeup. Genetic variation improves individual's chance of surviving and reproducing offspring with similar characteristics. Individuals occupy new habitats that require slightly different adaptations than previous ones. Species change or produce another species.
69
What is population?
Group of individuals of one species that live in same geographical area at the same time.
70
What is a species?
Group of similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding with one another. Maintain its uniqueness by resisting changes.
71
What was Lamarck's Theory of Evolution?
Organisms pass traits they acquire during their lifetime to their offspring. Required adaptations to create new variations followed by inheritance of these characteristics.
72
What was Lamarck's Law of use and disuse?
If an organ is used a lot it will develop and strengthen and become big. If not it will shrink and can even disappear.
73
Why was Lamarck's theory rejected?
Characteristic acquired during the lifetime of a parent are not passed to the offspring.
74
What was Darwin's theory of evolution?
All species currently living on planet arose from earlier ones by a process called evolution. Required random hereditary genetic variation first followed by selection of the variations. Scientific theory called Natural Selection explained how environmental forces could cause evolution. Individuals with better traits could adapt to local conditions and more likely to survive and produce offspring.
75
What are the principles of natural selection?
Genetic variation - different traits within a population. Changes in environment - climate change, geographical events, predators Survival advantage - particular trait increases survival and reproduction Reproduction - pass advantageous genes to the next generation Accumulation of changes - shift in overall genetic makeup of population Speciation - significant enough to form new species.
76
Talk about gene pool.
Genes control inherited characteristic Gene pool is sum of all genes and alleles in a population. Gene pool evolves as new genes and variant of genes are added or removed (alleles are modified over time). Population evolves, not individuals.
77
What are the forces of evolutionary change?
Mutation Genetic drift Gene flow Natural selection
78
Talk about mutation.
Random change in DNA. Introduce new genes and alleles in gene pool. Change proportions of particular allele in gene pool.
79
Talk about genetic drift.
Random change in allele frequencies of a small population occurred by chance rather than natural selection. Reduce genetic variation within population.
80
Talk about gene flow.
Addition or removal of alleles when individuals exit (emigration) or enter (immigration). Migration of individuals between populations causes exchange of alleles through interbreeding.
81
Talk about natural selection.
Selects organisms that are best adapted to a particular environment. Increase reproduction of individuals with better traits to survive and reproduce. Increase frequency of favorable genes and alleles and decrease frequency of less favorable ones.
82
What is three forms of natural selection?
Directional selection Stabilizing selection. Disruptive selection.
83
What is directional selection?
Only choose one extreme phenotype and eliminate another one and intermediate one.
84
What is stabilizing selection?
Choose only the intermediate phenotype and eliminate extreme ones.
85
What is disruptive selection?
Choose extreme phenotypes and eliminate intermediate ones.
86
What is artificial selection?
Selection of desired traits by man on animals and plants. No new species created.
87
What does reproductive barriers do?
Keep a given species genetically distinct from other species. Prevent hybridization of species.
88
Talk about reproductive isolation.
Prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap. Gene flow between two species prevented by prezygotic or postzygotic barriers. Prevent mating or fertilization.
89
What are prezygotic barriers?
Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation
90
What is temporal isolation?
Genetic exchange prevented because two groups reproduce at different times of the day, season or year
91
What is behavioral isolation?
Sexual isolation Animal species exchange distinct series of signals before mating
92
What is habitat isolation?
Two closely related species in same geographical area live and breed in different habitats of the area.
93
What is mechanical isolation?
Structural differences in reproductive organs
94
What is gametic isolation?
Molecular and chemical differences between species.
95
What is post zygotic barrier?
Increase likelihood of reproductive failure Embryo of interspecific hybrid spontaneously aborts If it lives, it won't reproduce.
96
What is speciation?
Evolution of new species Population becomes reproductively isolated and gene pools diverge No genetic exchange between them. Allopatric and sympatric speciation.
97
Talk about allopatric speciation.
A population forms new species after being geographically isolated from its parent population.
98
Talk about sympatric speciation.
A subset of a population forms a new species without geographic separation. Genetic polymorphism aka variant forms of DNA.
99
What is extinction?
Permanent end of a lineage. Occurs when last individual of a species dies. Eventual fate of all species.

Biology 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions