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Biology 1 > Pattern of Inheritance > Flashcards

Pattern of Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What is gene?

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA.

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2
Q

What is allele?

A

The alternative versions of a gene that produces distinguishable phenotypic effects

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3
Q

What is a locus?

A

A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located.

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4
Q

What is homozygous?

A

Having 2 identical alleles for a given gene.

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5
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Having 2 different alleles for a given gene.

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6
Q

What is genotype?

A

Set of alleles.

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7
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Physical traits determined by set of alleles.

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8
Q

What is dominant allele?

A

Expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous.

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9
Q

What is recessive allele?

A

Expressed only in homozygous recessive.

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10
Q

What is F1 generation?

A

The first hybrid offspring in a series of genetic crosses.

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11
Q

What is F2 generation?

A

Interbreeding of the F1 hybrid generation.

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12
Q

What is Mendel’s law of hereditary?

A

Law of segregation
Law of Independence Assortment

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13
Q

What is Law of segregation?

A

During gamete formation, the two alleles at a gene locus segregate from each other, results in each gamete having an equal probability of containing either allele.

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14
Q

Explain how Law of segregation works.

A

Each homozygous parent in the parental generation forms only 1 kind of gamete.
The heterozygous offspring forms two kinds of gametes.
Self pollination of the F1 offspring forms F2 offspring with a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.

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15
Q

What is law of independent assortment?

A

The alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

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16
Q

What is monohybrid cross?

A

A genetic cross between two individuals with homozygous genotypes.

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17
Q

What is dihybrid cross?

A

A genetic cross between two individuals with heterozygous genotypes.

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18
Q

What is test cross?

A

Used to identify whether an organism exhibiting a dominant trait is HM or HT for a specific allele.

19
Q

How does test cross work?

A

Always cross with HZ recessive trait
If ratio 1:1, F1 is HT
If 100%, F1 is HZ

20
Q

What is backcross?

A

Mating a hybrid with one of its parents (HZ dominant or HT)

21
Q

What is reciprocal cross?

A

A cross with phenotype of each sex reversed as compared with original cross.
Autosomal gene - same offspring genotype
X linked gene - different offspring genotype

22
Q

What is a codominant?

A

Condition in a heterozygote where both alleles are equally dominant and both exhibit their effect in phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

23
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Phenotypes of F1 hybrids is between the phenotypes of two parental varieties.
Recessive allele not fully masked by dominant allele.

24
Q

What is polygenes?

A

Each individual gene makes a small contribution to organism’s phenotype.

25
Q

What is epiptasis?

A

Type of gene interaction in which a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic effects of another gene at another locus.

26
Q

When is a gene epiptastic?

A

Its presence suppress another gene’s effect on another locus.

27
Q

What is the name of suppressed gene?

A

Hypostatic.

28
Q

What is multiple allele?

A

Three or more allele for a particular gene.

29
Q

What is lethal genes?

A

Genes which result in the reduction of viability of an individual.
Can be dominant or recessive, but rapidly eliminated.
Not expressed until reproductive age.

30
Q

What is linked genes?

A

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together unless crossing over occurs.

31
Q

What is parental type offspring?

A

Offspring with phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes.

32
Q

What is recombinant type offspring?

A

Offspring with non-parental phenotypes (new combinations of traits).

33
Q

How to find recombinant frequency?

A

Number of recombinants/total offspring x 100%

34
Q

What is genetic mapping?

A

Genetic map of chromosomes based on recombination frequencies.

35
Q

How is distance between genes expressed?

A

1 centimorgan = 1% recombinant frequency

36
Q

What is sex linkage?

A

Sex linked gene/X linked gene is when a gene carried on the X chromosome.
Female - XX
Male - XY

37
Q

Mothers pass sex linked alleles to who?

A

Both sons and daughters

38
Q

Fathers pass sex linkage alleles to who?

A

Daughters only.

39
Q

What is gene pool?

A

Sum of population’s genetic material at a given time.

40
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

The genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to another with absence of disturbing factors.

41
Q

What are the conditions of HW equilibrium?

A

No mutations - no new alleles
Large gene pool - large population
Random mating
No migration - no allele exchanging
No selection - not favoring one genotype

42
Q

Evolution doesn’t occur when?

A

Non random mating
Change in genotype frequency

43
Q

How to calculate allele frequency?

A

p + q = 1

44
Q

How to calculate genotype frequency?

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Biology 1 (10 decks)

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