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CHE 161 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is something that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

A

Cell membrane and DNA (genome)

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2
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Unicellular organisms within the domains of Bacteria

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3
Q

What are some important features of prokaryotes? (6)

A

1) no nucleus (nucleus region/nucleoid)
2) no membrane-bound organelles
3) cell wall
4) cell membrane
5) ribosomes
6) circular chromosome

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4
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in growth rates and genetic manipulation?

A
  • Prokaryotes have faster growth rates

- Prokaryotes are easier to genetically manipulate

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5
Q

How is DNA organized in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA is organized on a single chromosome confined to an unbound region called the nucleoid or nucleolus

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6
Q

What are the shapes of prokaryotes?

A

Cocci (spherical) and bacilli (rod-shape)

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7
Q

How do prokaryotic cells stick to surfaces and prevent dehydration?

A

The outermost layer of the cell is made up of polysaccharide which helps cells stick to surfaces and maintain moisture

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8
Q

What are prokaryotic cell walls made up of?

A

polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins

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9
Q

What type of lipid cell membrane do bacteria and eukaryotes have?

A

Lipid bilayer

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10
Q

What type of lipid cell membrane do some archaea have?

A
  • lipid monolayer

- has prenyl lipids that are the hydrophobic tails instead of fatty acids

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11
Q

What is the function and the composition of the cell membrane?

A
  • cell integrety and transport regulation

- lipids and proteins

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12
Q

What is the function and composition of ribosomes?

A
  • protein synthesis

- (composed of) protein and RNA

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13
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular extrachromosomal DNA in prokaryotes

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14
Q

What is an application of plasmids?

A

They carry genetic material that can be transferred between cells
Many carry antibiotic resistant genes

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15
Q

What are the appendages that prokaryotes have (2), and what are their functions?

A

1) Fimbriae - helps adhesion to surfaces

2) Flagella - tails used for motility

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16
Q

What do some bacteria have for electron transport chain to occur?

A

membrane folds to increase surface area for ETC

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17
Q

What is a bacteria that photosynthesizes?

A

cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

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18
Q

What are fimbriae and flagella composition?

A

protein

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19
Q

What is the function and composition of cytosol?

A
  • liquid in cells, solvents and solutes

- proteins, water, minerals, etc

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20
Q

What is the function and composition of capsules (prokaryotes)?

A
  • protection and adhesion

- polysaccharides and some proteins

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21
Q

What is the function and composition of nucleoid?

A
  • region containing DNA

- DNA

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22
Q

What is the function and composition of chromosome?

A
  • store genetic information

- DNA

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23
Q

Why can’t cells just keep growing?

A

Hard to transport nutrients and oxygen

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24
Q

Do bacteria and arachaea divide sexually or asexually?

A

asexually

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25
Q

What are the methods of bacteria and archaea division? (5)

A

1) binary fission
2) asymmetrical binary division
3) multiple divisions
4) intracellular offspring formation
5) budding

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26
Q

What are the steps of binary fission? (4)

A

1) DNA replicates starts at origin or replication
2) cell elongates and origin move towards poles
3) septum forms
4) cell pinches into two

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27
Q

What is formed at the end of binary fission?

A

1 daughter cell and 1 mother cell

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28
Q

What is the main characteristic of eukaryotes?

A

Organelles - presence of multiple cell compartments

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29
Q

What are the differences between animal cell and plant cell? (3)

A

1) Large central vauole
2) Cell wall
3) Chloroplast

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30
Q

What are haploids and diploids? And what is an example that can exist in both?

A
  • Haploid - 1 set of chromosome
  • Diploid - 2 sets of chromosome
  • Ex: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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31
Q

What are the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells? (2)

A

1) Increase in reaction rates by increase in substrate concentration
2) separate incompatible reactions

32
Q

What is the function and composition of nucleus?

A
  • Store genetic info and control gene expression

- nucleic acids, lipids (membrane), proteins

33
Q

What is the function and composition of cytoskeleton?

A
  • Maintain cell structure and aid in cell division

- Proteins

34
Q

What is the function and composition of mitochondria?

A
  • convert nutrients to ATP

- ALL

35
Q

What is the function and composition of vacuole?

A
  • storage of nutrients and other specialized functions

- lipids (membrane), proteins, water

36
Q

What is the function and composition of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A
  • Transport and protein synthesis

- Lipids (membranes), proteins, ribosomes

37
Q

What is the function and composition of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • lipid/membrane synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcium ion storage
  • lipids (membrane) and proteins
38
Q

What is the function and composition of golgi apparatus?

A
  • process proteins, makes vesicles, secretion, and lipid/protein transport
  • lipids (membrane) and protein
39
Q

What is the function and composition of centrioles (centrosome)

A
  • (not present in all cells types)
  • separate chromosomes during cell division
  • protein
40
Q

What is the function and composition of lysosomes?

A
  • digest nutrients

- lipids (membranes), protein/enzymes, slightly acidic

41
Q

What is the function and composition of peroxisome?

A
  • digest lipid and convert ROS (reactive oxygen species)

- lipids (membranes) and protein/enzymes

42
Q

What is the function and composition of chloroplasts?

A
  • make ATP using sunlight, fix CO2 into carbohydrates for storage
  • ALL
43
Q

What is the function and composition of cell wall (eukaryotes)?

A
  • maintain cell structure

- carbohydrates and polymers

44
Q

What is the function and composition of microvilli?

A
  • increase absorption of cell area

- lipids (membranes)

45
Q

How does cell differentiation occur?

A

By having different genes activated or deactivated

46
Q

What are cells that can differentiate into other cell types?

A

stem cells

47
Q

What are undifferentiated cells that can become any cell type?

A

totipotent

48
Q

Where are stems cells located in plants? (3)

A

1) meristems
2) plant roots
3) joints where new leaves or branches shoot out

49
Q

What is the two sides of the spectrum of potency?

A

Totipotent —> non-potent

50
Q

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce? (sexual or asexual)?

A

Both!

51
Q

What are the asexual replication methods for eukaryotes? (5)

A

1) Mitosis
2) multiple fission
3) Budding
4) Sporogenesis
5) Fragmentation

52
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A
  • Cell performs internal checks

- Cell copies DNA and centrosome

53
Q

What happens during G2 phase?

A

cell checks that its DNA was copied properly before going onto mitosis

54
Q

What happens during the M phase?

A
  • two chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell

- cell divides in half

55
Q

What happens during G1 phase?

A

-cell monitor itself to determine if it must divide again

56
Q

What happens in G0 phase?

A

cells no longer divide

57
Q

What are the steps of mitosis? What occurs in each step?

A

1) Interphase - DNA replication
2) Prophase - chromosomes spiralize
3) Metaphase - chromosomes align on equator and attach to spindle
4) Anaphase - chromatids separate and move to opp poles
5) Telophase - two nuclei reform at poles

58
Q

Are daughter cells haploids or diploids?

A

haploids

59
Q

Why do nucleus have pores?

A

to control the transport of materials in and out of nucleus

60
Q

Which type of cells has no nucleus?

A

red blood cells

61
Q

Where does mRNA go right after exiting the nucleus (for eukaryotes)?

A

ER for protein translation

62
Q

Which organelle is involved in protein glycosylation and protein trafficking?

A

Golgi apparatus

63
Q

Which cells have a lot of mitochondria? (>2000)

A

Liver cells

64
Q

What are the functions of cristae (the folds of mitochodria inner membrane)?

A

provide large surface area for electron transport chain reaction

65
Q

Which organelles have their own genome?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

66
Q

What are the types of molecular structures cytoskeletons are made up of? (3)

A

1) microtubules
2) microfilaments
3) intermediate filaments

67
Q

What are the names of protein the filaments of cytoskeletons are made up of? (2)

A

1) tubulin

2) actin

68
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A
  • cytosol (free ribosomes)

- outside of rough endoplasmic reticulum (bound ribosomes)

69
Q

Which cells are chlorplasts found in?

A
  • Plant cells

- Microalgae

70
Q

How many membranes do chloroplasts have?

A

2 to 4 (typically 2)

71
Q

Can chloroplasts live without its host cell?

A

Nay

72
Q

What are plant cell walls made up of? (3)

A

1) cellulose
2) hemicellulose
3) lignin

73
Q

What are fungal cell walls made up of?

A

chitin

74
Q

What are microalgae made up of?

A

silica based cell walls (diatoms)

75
Q

Which organelles are a sac of digestive enzymes and responsible for hydrolysis of food into building blocks, destruction of harmful bacteria and recycling of cell organelles?

A

lysosomes

CHE 161 (14 decks)

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