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che 161 > Life and Basic Biochemistry > Flashcards

Life and Basic Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is life?

A

Essentially, self sustaining and they preserve themselves.

  1. Self-organization
  2. Autopoietic
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2
Q

What is the genome and what is DNA

A

Genomes are a collection of DNA

DNA stores genetic information necessary to build the parts a cell needs to survive.

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3
Q

What are the 2 steps of Central Dogma called

A
  1. Transcription

2. Translation

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4
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

A field where life is classified by the similarities in their DNA

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5
Q

Which are more diverse, Bacteria/Archaea or Eukarya?

A

Bacteria/Archaea!

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6
Q

What are the main branches in the phylogenetic tree of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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7
Q

How are organisms classified?

A
  1. where they get their energy
  2. how they acquire their electron for redox reactions
  3. if they use oxygen or carbon
  4. where they live
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8
Q

What is ATP

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate is a common organic compound that provides energy used in biological reactions.
  • Hydrolysis of ATP is used as a chemical potential energy to drive other reactions in the cell.
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9
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

Organisms that uses from sunlight make ATP (energy)

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10
Q

What are chemotrophs?

A

Organisms that use redox reactions to make ATP (energy) from performed molecules

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11
Q

What are the main types of chemotrophs and what are their terms?

A
  1. Lithotrophs - uses redox reactions of inorganic molecules to make ATP
  2. Organotrophs - uses redox reactions of organic molecules to make ATP
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12
Q

What are aerobic organisms?

A

organisms that use oxygen to live

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13
Q

What are anaerobic organisms?

A

Organisms that don’t depend on oxygen to live.

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14
Q

What are the types of anaerobs?

A
  1. Obligate - cannot grow in an environment with oxygen
  2. Facultative - can grow with or without oxygen
  3. Aerotolerant - can grow in an environment w oxygen
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15
Q

What are autotrophic organisms?

A
  • Organisms that create complex molecules from inorganic sources.
  • Their energy can come from sunlight or inorganic redox reactions
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16
Q

What are heterotrophic organisms?

A
  • Can ONLY creates complex molecules from other complex molecules
  • All heterotrophs are chemotrophs, and most are organotrophs
17
Q

What are organisms that grow under standard conditions?

A

Mesophilies

18
Q

What are organisms that grow in high temperatures?

A

Hyperthermophile (90-115 °C))

19
Q

What are organisms that grow in low temperatures?

A

Pschorophile (0-12 °C)

20
Q

What are organisms that grow in High pH?

A

Alkaliphile (8.5 - 12 pH)

21
Q

What are organisms that grow in low pH?

A

Acidophile (0-4 pH)

22
Q

What are organisms that grow in high pressures?

A

Barophile (500-1000 atm)

23
Q

What are organisms that grow in high salt concentrations?

A

Halophile (15-32% NaCl)

24
Q

1.1 Chemistry Review

A
25
Q

What is the electronegativity difference range in a covalent bond and ionic bond?

A

Less than 1.7 - covalent

More than 1.7 - ionic

26
Q

Why is water known as the universal solvent?

A

Water acts as a solvent in biological system because it dissolves most of the compounds and proteins needed for the reaction to occur in the cell (due to its polarity and hydrogen bonding).

27
Q

What are the requirements for a solvent to dissolve?

A

It must collide with the correct orientation and speed to react (which is more likely to happen in a liquid)
It also must break some of the hydrogen bonds

28
Q

What interaction occurs between water and nonpolar molecules?

A

Hydrophobic interactions. Nonpolar molecules are not attracted to polar water molecules. So, they aggregate in water and orient themselves to minimize their contact with water.

29
Q

What interaction occurs between oppositely charged molecules?

A 
Electrostatic interactions 
(also known as: coulombic forces, ionic pairing, salt-bridge)
30
Q

Whats the relative attraction strength of ionic bonds?

A

hundreds of kcal/mol

31
Q

Whats the relative attraction strength of covalent bonds?

A

40-160 kcal/mol

32
Q

Whats the relative attraction strength of hydrogen bonds

A

1-10 kcal/mol

33
Q

Whats the relative attraction strength of van der Waals bonds?

A

0-10 kcal/mol

34
Q

Whats the water percentage of a cell?

A

70-90%

35
Q

What are the 3 things to consider if a solute will dissolve in a solvent?

A
  1. Inter/intramolecular interactions within solutes molecules
  2. Intermolecular interactions within solvent molecules
  3. Intermolecular interactions with solute and solvent molecules
36
Q

What are compounds that will dissolve in water?

A

Hydrophillic

37
Q

What are compounds that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions?

A

Amphipathic

38
Q

What are the carbon skeleton of molecules types?

A
  1. Straight-chain alkanes
  2. Branched alkanes
  3. Cyclic alkanes

che 161 (14 decks)

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