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Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

How many types of essential oral cell types are there?

A

5

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2
Q

What are the names of the essential oral cell types?

A

Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Fibroblasts, Ameloblasts, Odontoblasts

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3
Q

What do living cells contain?

A

carbon + hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, macromolecules, small organic molecules, solutes and solvent

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4
Q

What type of small organic molecules do living cells contain?

A

sugars & amino acids

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5
Q

What type of solutes do living cells contain?

A

dissolved salts, ions

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6
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

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7
Q

What are sugars?

A

Simple carbohydrates

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8
Q

What are examples of simple carbohydrates?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose & mannose

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9
Q

What is a polysaccharides?

A

Polymerised sugars into larger molecules

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10
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose

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11
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Large branched polymers of glucose and are main energy storage molecules of animals

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12
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polymers of amino acids

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13
Q

What are two main types of proteins?

A

Enzymes (functional), Structural ( cell support)

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14
Q

What are functions of proteins?

A

Acts as a catalyst, regulates proteins or genes, source of transportation, anti-bodies

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15
Q

What is Haemoglobin?

A

An oxygen binding protein

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16
Q

How many common amino acids are there?

A

20, 9 are essential

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17
Q

Why are amino acids polymerised?

A

To make short polymers (peptides) or long polymers (proteins)

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18
Q

What can amino acid side chains consist of?

A

Charged, uncharged, polar (hydrophilic) , non-polar (hydrophobic) chains

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19
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

It is formed by amino acids which one of the aminos in the group has undergone a reaction with a COOH of another amino acid.

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20
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A macromolecule that act as chemical catalysts (protein)

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21
Q

Why are enzymes chemical catalysts?

A

They promote or accelerate specific chemical reactions from energy in the form of ATP or by the substrate

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22
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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23
Q

What is ATP?

A

It is the common currency of cells

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24
Q

Where is energy stored in ATP?

A

in the high-energy bonds linking the phosphate molecules

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25
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

They are composed of Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen and are mainly water insoluble

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26
Q

What do lipids consist of?

A

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

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27
Q

How much energy does the fat store in lipids?

A

2 x energy yield compared to carbohydrates

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28
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

molecules with a hydrophilic phosphate head group and a hydrophobic lipid tail

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29
Q

Why are phospholipids important?

A

They are a major component of biological membranes

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30
Q

What are steroids?

A

A large group of lipids that act as structural components or hormones that possess a steroid nucleus with side chains

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31
Q

What are two important nucleic acids?

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA), Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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32
Q

What is RNA and DNA?

A

They are polymers of subunit molecules called nucleotides

33
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

They are composed of a 5-carbon sugar attached to a nitrogen base

34
Q

What are purines?

A

Adenine (A) or Guanine (G)

35
Q

What are Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine (C) or Thymine (T)

36
Q

How is DNA made?

A

By nucleic acids that are polymerised into a double stranded helical molecule called the double helix

37
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

The flow of sequential information from gene to protein and never backwards

38
Q

What are the two exceptions to the central dogma?

A

Reverse transcription and prions

39
Q

What is reverse transcription?

A

It is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded DNA into RNA.

40
Q

What is an example of reverse transcription?

A

HIV

41
Q

What are prions?

A

A defective protein converting a normal protein into a defective form

42
Q

What are examples of prions?

A

BSE or ‘Mad Cow Disease’

43
Q

How can stem cells differentiate into other cells e.g liver cells, lung cells, nerve cells etc

A

A mosaic system and a highly coordinated pattern of expression due to very complex interplay between genetic programming and the environment

44
Q

What is the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

a fluid mosaic model which comprises of a phospholipid bilayer with interspersed proteins

45
Q

What is the cytoplasmic membrane function?

A

To separate cytoplasm from the surrounding environment and maintains integrity of the cell and controls the entry and exit of molecules in and out of the cell

46
Q

What is the function of the membrane protein?

A

controls the movement of molecules across the membrane, interacts with extracellular molecules, and binds to the neighbouring cells, provides recognition system, and enzyme functions.

47
Q

What are cytoplasms?

A

A water-based gel-like substance containing many different proteins and other molecules suspended in cytosol

48
Q

What does a cytoplasm contain?

A

A variety of specialised functional structures called organelles

49
Q

What are the two types of things organelles can be?

A

membranous and non-membranous

50
Q

What is a membranous organelle?

A

it can possess its own plasma membrane and can be surrounded by single or double membranes

51
Q

What is a non-membranous organelle

A

It is not surrounded by any membranes.

52
Q

What is an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.

53
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth ER and rough ER

54
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and helps synthesise and concentrate various substances needed by the cell such as lipids

55
Q

What is the function of rough ER?

A

it has ribosomes which are small, round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins. Sometimes, when those proteins are made improperly, the proteins stay within the endoplasmic reticulum.

56
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

An intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

57
Q

What is a ribosome made of?

A

RNA and protein

58
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

A membranous organelle composed of stacked cisternae

59
Q

Where is the golgi apparatus located?

A

near the nucleus

60
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

61
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

A membranous organelle consisting of two mebranes

62
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fat and a unsaturated fat?

A

A unsaturated fat contains an alkene and a carboxyl whereas saturated fat only contains a carboxyl group

63
Q

What is a proteasome?

A

A hallow proteinaceous non-membranous

64
Q

What is the function of a proteasome?

A

Destroys unwanted proteins such as ubiquitns

65
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

A small membranous vesicle

66
Q

What does a peroxisome contain?

A

Enzyme catalase and peroxidase

67
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It is generally the largest in the cell and is surrounded by a double membrane.

68
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

the entire genome

69
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Selectively generates messenger RNA according to cell’s requirements and is the function centre of DNA.

70
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A prominent structure inside the nucleus composed mostly of RNA

71
Q

What is the nucleolus function?

A

Synthesises ribosomal RNA

72
Q

What are cell connections?

A

Cells that must be attached to each other or to an extracellular matrix

73
Q

How are cell connections formed?

A

By membrane proteins

74
Q

What are types of membrane proteins that form cell connections?

A

intergins, selectins, cadherins and immunogloblins

75
Q

What are three types of cell-to-cell connections?

A

Desmosomes, gap junctions and tight junctions

76
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

A intercellular junction that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion which can be shaped like spot welds or a belt-like arrangement

77
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

It joins the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allows communication, transport or electrical signals between cells

78
Q

What are tight junctions and where are they located?

A

six-pack-like collar around apical regions and impermeable seal around groups of epithelial cells

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