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Exam questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

Articulation, Mastication, Deglutition, Taste and Oral Cleaning

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2
Q

What is an infection?

A

a disease caused by microorganisms that invade tissue

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3
Q

What is pain threshold?

A

The lowest intensity of a stimulus which a subject can recognise as pain

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4
Q

What is resistant to antibiotics and what is it called?

A

Microbes, this is called primary drug resistance

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5
Q

What structures does the oral cavity consist of?

A

Outer part (vestibule), inner part (oral cavity), teeth, mucosa

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6
Q

What is Analgesia?

A

Absence of pain in response to stimulation which would normally be painful

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7
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

A chemical substance produced by microorganisms that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microbes in dilute solution

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8
Q

What is Odontogenic?

A

An infection involving teeth or associated tissue caused by oral pathogens

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9
Q

What is a gland?

A

A structure that produces chemical secretion necessary for body functioning

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10
Q

What are the functions of the Lymphatic system?

A

Maintain fluid balance in internal environment, hematopoieses, helps distribute fluids and nutrients in body, defence systems

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11
Q

What are the 4 resistance mechanisms of antibiotics?

A

Drug inactivation, altered drug targets, barrier to entry, active elimination of the antibiotic

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12
Q

What is Hyperalgesia?

A

an increased response to a stimulus which is normally painful

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13
Q

What are the superficial lymph nodes of the head?

A

Occipital, Retro-auricuclar, Pre-auricuclar, superficial parotid, facial

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14
Q

What do oral pathogens inhabit?

A

Surface of teeth, oral mucosa membrane, gingival crevice, saliva

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15
Q

Why are antibiotics used in oral health?

A

To treat periodontitis, skull fractures, endocarditis

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16
Q

What are the type of ductal system glands?

A

Exocrine glands, endocrine glands

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17
Q

What is an example of drug inactivation?

A

drug-inactivating enzymes

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18
Q

What is the Trige-minal Nerve?

A

Largest and most important cranial nerve and is the principal general sensory nerve for the head

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19
Q

What is the process of microbial oral colonisation?

A

Transmission, Acquisition, Pioneer species, Succession, Diversity, Climax Community

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20
Q

What is Paraesthesia?

A

An abnormal sensation, whether spontaneous or evoked

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21
Q

What are the 5 ways antibiotics work?

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, Disruption of cell membrane function, Interfere with metabolite use

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22
Q

What can Odontogenic infections cause?

A

compromised airways, Ludwig’s angina, Cavernous sinus thrombosis

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23
Q

What is one of the types of drug inactivating enzymes and what does it do?

A

Beta-lactamase - destroys B-lactams

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24
Q

What are nature of secretion glands?

A

Serous glands, Mucous glands, Mixed glands

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25
Q

What are the Deep lymph nodes on the head?

A

Deep parotid & retropharyngeal

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26
Q

What is the process of pain?

A

Transduction - Transmission - Perception

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27
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Formation of new blood cells

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28
Q

What is Articulation?

A

Tongue making contact with other structures and regulates air flow

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29
Q

What can cause odontogenic infections?

A

Immunodeficiency, Hepatitis

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30
Q

What are examples of inhibition of cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillin

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31
Q

What does a serous gland produce?

A

a thin secretion

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32
Q

What are the superficial Cervical lymph nodes?

A

Submental, Submandibular, External Jugular, Anterior Jugular

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33
Q

What is the process through the body for pain to be detected?

A

receptor - Peripheral nerve (Afferent) - spinal cord - brain stem - cerebral cortex

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34
Q

What are examples of altered drug targets?

A

Mutated penicillin-binding proteins, modified lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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35
Q

How does the Lymphatic system maintain fluid balance?

A

Plasma filters into interstitial spaces from blood flowing through capillaries

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36
Q

What are consequences of odontogenic infections?

A

Soft tissue abscess, Bacteraemia, Deep fascial space infection, cerebral infection, cellulitis

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37
Q

What is an example of disruption of cell membrane function?

A

polymixin

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38
Q

What does a mucous gland produce?

A

A vicious slimy secretion mucus

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39
Q

What is fast pain transmitted by?

A

large thick myelinated A-delta fibres

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40
Q

Where does the tri-geminal nerve emerge from?

A

From the pons and has a large sensory root & a small motor root

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41
Q

What is an example of inhibition of protein synthesis?

A

streptomycin

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42
Q

What is an example of barrier to entry?

A

loss of porins - resistance to carbapenems

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43
Q

What are the three odontogenic infection lesions?

A

Abscess, Osteomyelitis, Cellulitis

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44
Q

Where is the submental lymph node located?

A

Within the sub mental triangle, superficial to mylohyoid bone

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45
Q

What is microbial colonisation dependent on?

A

Tolerance to conditions, Nutritional requirements

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46
Q

What is slow pain transmitted by?

A

small non-myelinated C fibres carrying dull persistent pain at slow pulses

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47
Q

What does a mixed gland produce?

A

both a serous and a mucous secretion

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48
Q

What is an example of active elimination of the antibiotic?

A

efflux pumps - membrane bound proteins that actively pump out antibacterials or anti fungals out of the cell

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49
Q

What are features of Absces?

A

localised entrapment of pathogens, filled with pus that passes through the past of least resistance to emerge in a surface

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50
Q

What is an example of inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis?

A

quinolones (DNA replication)

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51
Q

What is oedema?

A

Fluid that remains and causes swelling

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52
Q

Where is the submandibular lymph node located?

A

At the inferior border of the mandibular ramus, superficial to submandibular salivary gland

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53
Q

What is Mastication?

A

Process of chewing and swallowing

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54
Q

Where do First-order Neurons start - finish?

A

from sensory receptors and end in dorsal horn of spinal cord

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55
Q

What are point mutations?

A

single base changes which may result in changed or inactive proteins

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56
Q

What is the structure of a salivary gland?

A

A series of secretory units clustered around a central lumen

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57
Q

What are treatments for abscess?

A

removal of cause, surgical drainage, antibiotics

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58
Q

What is an example of action as antimetabolites?

A

sulfonilaminde

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59
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

insertions/ deletions which result in inactive proteins

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60
Q

What is the sensory root features?

A

Has three nerve divisions called ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

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61
Q

Where do Second-order neurons start & finish?

A

Dorsal horns as they recieve pulses from FON, travel along the lateral spinothalmic tract, and end at the thalamus

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62
Q

What are the areas drained by submental LNs?

A

Mandibular incisors & associated tissue, chin, lip

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63
Q

What are the defense systems of the lymphatic system?

A

Mechanical filtration of particles, biological filtration ( phagocytosis) and activates immune system

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64
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

The process by which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of the donor organism

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65
Q

What are the 3 major Salivary glands?

A

Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual

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66
Q

What are the types of Abscess?

A

Periapical Abscess, Gingival Abscess, Pericoronal Abscess, Periodontal Abscess

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67
Q

What are the anti-fungal drugs?

A

5-fluorocytosine, Azoles and Triazoles, Polyenes, Echinocandins

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68
Q

What genetic material is transferred in horizontal gene transfer?

A

Plasmids, DNA from lysed cells

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69
Q

Where do the third-order neurons start & finish?

A

At the thalamus, ends in cerebral cortex

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70
Q

What acquisition of oral bacteria is there at 3 months?

A

Streptococcus (70%), Staphylococcus, Actinomyces

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71
Q

What is Cellulitis?

A

inflammation of soft tissue spaces

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72
Q

What are areas drained by submandibular LNs?

A

Teeth (expect mandibular incisors), posterior floor of mouth, body of the tongue

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73
Q

What are features of the parotid salivary gland?

A

Largest, produces watery secretion containing enzymes, two lobes

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74
Q

What is the function of 5-fluorocytosine?

A

Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis

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75
Q

What are plasmids?

A

extrachromosomal genetic elements

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76
Q

What is Deglutition?

A

Mixes food with saliva and forms the bolus

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77
Q

What is lymphadenitis?

A

Micro-organisms infecting the node

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78
Q

What is Somatic pain?

A

superficial pain, deep somatic pain

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79
Q

What are symptoms of Cellulitis?

A

indurated palpation, firm swelling, tenderness

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80
Q

What are features of the motor root?

A

It accompanies the mandibular nerve through the foramen ovale

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81
Q

What are plasmids function?

A

To replicate independently of the chromosome

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82
Q

What is the function of Azoles and Triazoles?

A

Inhibit sterol biosynthesis

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83
Q

What is gate control theory?

A

the perception of pain is modulated by a “gate” mechanism in the spinal cord, which can open or close to regulate the transmission of pain signals to the brain.

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84
Q

What is the anatomical location of the parotid salivary gland?

A

Superficial lobe, anterior to external ear between skin and massester muscle, deep lobe inferior to external ear

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85
Q

What is the outcome of Cellulitis?

A

Ludwigs Angina, skin necrosis

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86
Q

What are the areas drained by the superior deep cervical LNs?

A

posterior hard palate & soft palate, base of tongue, maxillary 3rd molars, TMJ

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87
Q

What are plasmids good for?

A

antibiotic resistance, toxins or antimicrobial proteins, cell surface structures

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88
Q

Why is dental plaque important?

A

Causes dental caries, causes gingivitis and periodontal diseases

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89
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

formation of blood cellular components that are derived from haematopoietic cells

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90
Q

What is the location of stenson’s duct?

A

Superficial to the massester, parotid papilla marks the opening of the duct

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91
Q

What is the treatment for Cellulitis?

A

Antibiotics, removal of cause

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92
Q

What is the action of Polyenes?

A

Causes plasma membrane to leak H+ and K+ ions

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93
Q

What is visceral pain origin?

A

Originates from internal organs

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94
Q

Where is the tongue located?

A

In the oral cavity and the oropharynx

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95
Q

What are the areas drained by inferior deep cervical LNs?

A

Posterior portion of scalp, neck, superior deep cervical LNs

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96
Q

What is the action of Echinocandins?

A

Inhibit glucan synthesis

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97
Q

What does the parotid salivary gland enclose?

A

External Carotid artery, retromandibular vein, Facial nerve, Auriculotemporal nerve

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98
Q

What are the Ophthalmic sensory nerves?

A

sensory fibres to the scalp, ethmodial and frontal paranasal sinuses, lacrimal glands, and a portion of the dura mater

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99
Q

What is Osteromyelitis?

A

Inflammation of bone marrow, common in mandible and maxilla

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100
Q

What is Neuropathic pain?

A

a result of a disorder in the nerves

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101
Q

What is vertical gene transfer?

A

Microbes duplicating their entire chain of DNA before dividing to form two cells, each daughter cells contains identical info.

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102
Q

What is dental plaque?

A

The complex microbial community found on the tooth surface embedded in a matrix of polymers of bacterial and salivary origin, is biofilm

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103
Q

What disease can be found in Accessory & supraclavicular LNs?

A

Cancer from lungs, oesophagus, stomach

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104
Q

What are the therapy options for oral candidosis?

A

Amphotericin B lozenges, Miconazole oral gel, Fluconazole capsules

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105
Q

What is Psychogenic pain?

A

individual feels pain but the cause is emotional rather than physical

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106
Q

What are symptoms of Osteomyelitis?

A

paraestheia in the lower lip, discharging sinuses

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107
Q

What are mumps features?

A

A viral infection, redness of parotid papilla, becomes enlarged and tender

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108
Q

What are the three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer between bacterial strains or species?

A

Transduction (virus mediated), Transformation (uptake of free DNA), Conjugation (cell-to-cell DNA transfer)

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109
Q

What are components within the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph vessels, Lymph tissues ( lymph nodes, isolated nodules, Lymphoid structures, spleen)

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110
Q

What covers the tongue?

A

pink specialised mucosa

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111
Q

What are potential therapy issues for Oral Candidosis?

A

Fluconazole resistance, Recurrence of infection

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112
Q

What is the treatment for osteomyelitis?

A

removal of cause, antibiotics

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113
Q

What is Lymphadenopathy?

A

A bacterial infection that swells the lymph nodes causing cancer or tumours

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114
Q

What is the genetic recombination of the three mechanisms of HGT?

A

Re-arrangement of DNA by breaking and rejoining homologous sequences

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115
Q

What happens if a patient has Parotitis?

A

Postpone dental treatment for 5 days from symptoms

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116
Q

How does the ophthalmic nerve enter the orbit?

A

Leaves trig-menial ganglion and enters orbit through superior orbital fissure

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117
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

removes microorganisms by phagocytosis, red blood cells and platelet destruction by phagocytosis, blood reservoir

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118
Q

What is Lymphadentitis?

A

Inflammation along the lymphatic vessels

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119
Q

Where does genetic recombination occur?

A

Between homologous regions of DNA

120
Q

What is the ideal antibiotic?

A

Targets a specific pathogens with no resistance development

121
Q

What are the types of Osteomyelitis?

A

BRONJ, Osteoradionecrosis

122
Q

What are features of the submandibular salivary gland?

A

2nd largest, both serous & mucous saliva, two lobes ( superficial & deep), provides 60-65% of total saliva

123
Q

What is the composition of dental plaque?

A

Metabolising bacteria (80-90%), Inter-microbial matrix (10-20%)

124
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the tongue?

A

Lateral Surface, Dorsal Surface, Ventral surface

125
Q

What is the anatomical location of submandibular salivary gland?

A

In the posterior floor of the mouth, occupies submandibular fossa

126
Q

What is Lymphoma?

A

Cancer in the node

127
Q

What are the three branches of the ophthalmic nerve?

A

Frontal nerve, Lacrimal nerve, Nasociliary nerve

128
Q

What is the direct spread of odontogenic infection?

A

pulpal chamber, peridontal structures, alveolar bone, soft tissues, fascial spaces in head and neck

129
Q

What is Bacteriophage?

A

Viruses that specifically infect bacteria

130
Q

What is Lymphatic fluid?

A

A clear watery fluid containing tissue fluid, proteins (lymphocytes),does not clot

131
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage process?

A

All teeth - submandibular LNs - Superior Deep Cervical LNs - Inferior deep cervical LNs - jugular trunk - lymphatic ducts - subclavian vein - brachiocephalic vein - superior vena cava - heart

132
Q

What is the Wharton’s duct features?

A

Arises from the deep lobe, sublingual caruncle marks the orifice, lingual nerve loops under duct

133
Q

What are the two ways to overcome antibacterial resistance?

A

Double antibiotic therapy against B-lactamase-producing bacteria, Double antibiotic therapy against non-B-lactamase bacteria

134
Q

What is the Dorsum? (Dorsal Surface)

A

superior roughened surface of the tongue

135
Q

What are factors that affect odontogenic infection?

A

host defence, proximity of root apex, thickness of bone

136
Q

What is the features of the Frontal nerve?

A

Located in the orbit and is composed of supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves

137
Q

What are the two types of phage?

A

Lytic & Temperate

138
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

Thin-walled vessels, transport lymph to general circulation, lymphs flow towards heart, contains valves

139
Q

What is the Dorsal Surface covered with?

A

Keratinized Mucosa

140
Q

What are the two types of Bacteriocins?

A

Proteinaceous antimicrobials, and gram-positive bacteriocins

141
Q

What is Mealtime Syndrome?

A

Salivary gland stones that can be felt when swallowing after food

142
Q

What are lytic phage functions?

A

Resulting in a host cell lysis and release of virus particles

143
Q

What is the supraorbital made up of?

A

forehead and anterior scalp

144
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

They allow passage of large molecules, are anchored to connective tissue by tiny filaments, single layer of endothelium

145
Q

What happens if the odontogenic infection spread to the para-nasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary sinusitis, perforate on floor of the sinus and can travel through other sinuses like infection of the cranial cavity and brain

146
Q

How are proteinaceous antimicrobial produced?

A

By bacteria which kill, or inhibit growth of species closely-related to the producer organism

147
Q

What is temperate phage function?

A

either lyse or lysogenise host cell

148
Q

How much of the Dorsal Surface is posterior?

A

1/3

149
Q

Where is the infra temporal space located?

A

infra temporal fossa, and communicates with temporal, submasseteric, submandibular spaces

150
Q

What is the supratrochlear made up of?

A

Bridge of nose, forehead, medial upper eyelid, conjunctiva

151
Q

How much of the Dorsal Surface is anterior?

A

2/3

152
Q

What is the structure of the lymphatic vessel?

A

Resemble veins, but thinner walls, more valves, contain lymph nodes along their course, have lacteals present in intestinal mucosa

153
Q

When pathogens travel through veins what are the two things it causes?

A

Bacteriaemia, Infected thrombus

154
Q

What are three things specialised transduction has that generalised doesn’t?

A

Transfers specific bacterial genes near phage genome which integrates into bacterial chromosomes. It occurs when a temperate bacteriophage excises its self from the bacterial chromosome incorrectly. Can result in the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria

155
Q

How many classes are there of gram-positive bacteriocins?

A

4

156
Q

What are features of the Sublingual Salivary gland?

A

Smallest, mainly mucosa saliva, provides 5-10% of saliva

157
Q

What are features of the Lacrimal nerve?

A

sensory nerve for lacrimal glands as well as motor postganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the lacrimal gland

158
Q

What features are in the posterior Dorsal Surface?

A

Surface is nodular and has lymphoid tissue

159
Q

How is Bacteriaemia caused?

A

while draining an infected oral site bacteria can enter through the blood circulation, or lodge in compromised tissues and cause infections

160
Q

What is Class 1 gram-positive bacteriocins?

A

Post-translationally modified peptides (e.g glycocins)

161
Q

Where is the temporal space located?

A

between temporal fascia & temporalis Muscle

162
Q

What are features of the Nasociliary nerve?

A

supplies mucous membrane, fusion of infra-trochlear, ciliary, anterior ethmoidal, posterior ethmoidal nerves

163
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Highly specialised lymphatic capillaries that absorb fat and other nutrients

164
Q

What is the anatomical location of sublingual salivary gland?

A

Between mucous membrane and mylohyoid muscle

165
Q

What are three differences of generalised transduction compared to specialised?

A

Involves random packaging of DNA material into the viral caspid during lytic cycle. Occurs during the lytic cycle of bacteriophage when it packs bacterial DNA. Results in transfer of any bacterial gene and could cause phenotypic consequences for the recipient bacterium.

166
Q

What causes infected thrombus and where does it travel through the vascular system?

A

Dental infection, infected thrombi can break off and travel as embolus through veins

167
Q

What is Class 2 & 3 gram-positive bacteriocins?

A

Small unmodified peptides, and large heat-sensitive proteins

168
Q

What features are in the anterior Dorsal Surface?

A

Mucous membrane

169
Q

What is the maxillary nerve features?

A

2nd division of CN V, mostly sensory nerves, formed as a nerve trunk in the pterygopalatine fossa

170
Q

What are features of the Mucous membrane?

A

Keratinised, tightly bound to underlying muscles, highly temperature sensitive, contain lingual papillae

171
Q

What is class IV of gram-positive bacteriocins?

A

Circular and/or weird peptides

172
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

A major lymphatic channel that begins in the abdomen, terminates in the junction between the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

173
Q

What are the two sublingual salivary gland ducts?

A

Bartholin’s - opens through sublingual caruncle, Rinivus Duct - opens along sublingual fold

174
Q

Where is the sub masseteric space located?

A

between massester muscle & external surface of the ramus

175
Q

What are the sensory nerves of the maxillary nerve?

A

Sensory fibres to maxillary sinuses, maxillary teeth, palate, and portion of dura mater

176
Q

What is genetic transformation?

A

Only one strand of DNA is taken into the cell and homologous recombination may occur

177
Q

Where is Cavernous sinus located, what does it communicate with, and if infected what is it called?

A

Side of sphenoid bone, communicates with pterygoid plexus of veins and superior ophthalmic vein, cavernous sinus thrombosis is caused due to dental infection

178
Q

What are lingual papillae?

A

Elevated structures of specialised mucosa

179
Q

Where does the maxillary nerve exit?

A

Exits the skull through the foramen rotundum ( sphenoid bone)

180
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Filter toxic products from the lymph to prevent their entry into the blood vascular system and phagocytosis

181
Q

What are features of minor salivary glands?

A

produce less than 10% saliva, secrete mucous saliva and sometimes serous saliva

182
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

direct cell to cell contact and long stretches of DNA can be transferred and is mediated by specific genes found on conjugative (F) plasmids

183
Q

Where is the pterygomandibular space located?

A

between medial pterygoid muscle & ramus of the mandible

184
Q

What are the three types of lingual papillae on the Dorsal Surface?

A

Filiform, Fungiform, Circumvallate

185
Q

Where can the Cavernous Sinus thrombosis infection spread from?

A

Infra temporal space, upper lip, non-odontogenic infections from face & paranasal sinuses

186
Q

Where does the Maxillary nerve enter?

A

Trigeminal ganglion but joins with the meningeal branches from the dura mater before hand

187
Q

How many types of side affects do antibiotics have?

A

7

188
Q

What do lymph nodes contain?

A

Organised lymphoid tissue containing lymphocytes, afferent & efferent vessels

189
Q

What is the anatomical location of minor salivary glands?

A

Scattered in tissues of buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, soft palate, serous glands

190
Q

What are features of the Filiform Lingual Papillae?

A

Most numerous, slender, pinkish grey, handles food, rough texture

191
Q

What are the 5 maxillary nerve branches?

A

Zygomatic, Infraorbital, Nasopalatine, greater palatine, lesser palatine

192
Q

Where does odontogenic infections spread by lymphatics?

A

Pathogens can travel in the lymph through the lymphatic vessels and can move from primary nodes near infection to secondary nodes at a distance and can cause bacteriaemia

193
Q

What are 5 side effects of antibiotics?

A

Beta-lactams, Tetracycline, Rifampin, Polymyxin B, and Aminoglycosides

194
Q

What is Ludwig’s Angina?

A

life threatening, rapidly progressive cellulitis involving bilateral submental, sublingual, submandibular spaces. can be spread from piercings or any mandibular teeth

195
Q

Where are Tonsillar tissue located?

A

Near airway & food passages to protect body against disease processes & toxic products

196
Q

What are minor salivary gland lesions?

A

Mucocele, Tumours

197
Q

What are features of Fungiform Lingual Papillae?

A

Globular, Bright red, numerous at apex & sides, contain taste buds

198
Q

What are examples of the side effects of Beta-lactams, tetracycline, Rifampin, Polymyxin B, Aminoglycosides

A

diarrhoea, Brown/yellow staining of teeth, Red man syndrome, Kidney Damage, Kidney damage

199
Q

What are features of the Zygomatic nerve?

A

formed by zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerves, transfers postganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the lacrimal nerve

200
Q

What is Pharyngeal lymphoid ring ( Waldeyer’s ring)

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue in a protective ring, back of the throat under the mucosa

201
Q

What are the two problems associated with salivary secretion?

A

Hypersalivation and Hyposalivation

202
Q

What are features of Circumvallate Lingual Papillae?

A

Large, Surrounded by a circular groove, anterior to the sulcus terminalis in a V shaped row, Contain taste buds

203
Q

what is Fascia?

A

a layer of dense regular fibrous connective tissue

204
Q

What are features infraorbital nerve?

A

Passes into the infraorbital foramen, travels through infraorbital canal.

205
Q

What are features of Ludwig’s Angina?

A

spread to parapharyngeal space & retropharyngeal space of neck. swelling elevates tongue obstructing pharyngeal airway = death

206
Q

What is Hypersalivation?

A

Increased production of saliva

207
Q

What is the Waldeyer’s ring made up of?

A

Adenoid, Tubal tonsil, Palatine tonsil, Lingual tonsil

208
Q

What are features of Foilate lingual papillae?

A

Linear Vertical folds of mucosa on the lateral surface near terminal sulcus

209
Q

What are features of Nasopalatine nerve?

A

Sensory nerve for anterior hard palate, maxillary teeth, tissues of the nasal septum

210
Q

What are the deep fascia of the head?

A

Temporal Fascia, Masseteric-parotid fascia, pterygoid fascia

211
Q

What is Hyposalivation?

A

Decreased production of saliva, leads to xerostomia (dry mouth),

212
Q

Why is it important to do an clinical examination on lymph nodes?

A

Gives a clue to the nature of the pathological process

213
Q

What are consequences of spreading infection through maxillary anterior teeth?

A
  1. pulpitis
  2. cellulitis
  3. Cavernous sinus thrombosis
  4. Dentoalveolar abscess
214
Q

What are taste buds?

A

receptor organs that respond to sensation of taste

215
Q

What are features of the Greater Palatine nerve?

A

Sensory nerve for posterior hard palate and posterior lingual gingiva.

216
Q

What are some causes related to salivary secretion?

A

Diabetes - salivary gland swelling, Autoimmune diseases

217
Q

How do you know if a lymph is infected?

A

inflamed & mobile nodes indicate acute inflammatory process, soft

218
Q

What is the ventral surface made up of?

A

Lingual frenum, sublingual caruncle, deep lingual veins, and plica fimbriata

219
Q

Where do the four consequences occur of spreading infection in max anterior teeth?

A

1.Pulp chamber & root canals
2. Facial region
3. Cavernous sinus through veins of face
4. around the root tip

220
Q

What are problems of Salivary secretion?

A

Oral tissue more prone to diseases, speech & eating more difficult

221
Q

Where is the maxilla space located?

A

inferior to the attachment of the buccinator muscle

222
Q

What are features of Lesser palatine nerve?

A

Sensory nerve for the soft palate and palatine tonsils

223
Q

How do you know if a lymph has cancer?

A

bony hard, non-tender

224
Q

What is the lingual frenum?

A

median mucosal fold that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth

225
Q

What are the maxillary nerve dental branches?

A

Anterior superior alveolar nerve, Middle superior alveolar nerve, Posterior superior alveolar nerve

226
Q

How does cancer spread through lymph nodes?

A

in lymphatic vessels to other nodes

227
Q

Where is the mandible space located?

A

superior to the attachment of the buccinator muscle

228
Q

What is the sublingual caruncle?

A

openings of the Wharton’s & Bartholin’s ducts on either side of the frenum closer to the floor of the mouth

229
Q

What are features of the anterior superior alveolar nerve?

A

Sensory nerves of sensation and pain for upper central incisors, lateral incisors and canines, and facial gingiva

230
Q

What are the two groups of muscles of the tongue?

A

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

231
Q

What are the consequences of spread of infection in mandibular anterior teeth?

A
  1. Pulpitis
  2. Cellulitis
  3. Ludwig’s Angina
  4. Dentoalveolar Abscess
232
Q

What are features of the Middle superior alveolar nerve?

A

Sensory nerves of sensation and pain for upper premolars & mesiobuccal root of 1st molar, sinus mucosa

233
Q

What does the Intrinsic muscles do?

A

Change the shape of the tongue

234
Q

What is the vestibular abscess?

A

The most common odontogenic infection

235
Q

What are features of posterior superior alveolar nerve?

A

Sensory nerves of sensation and pain for upper 2nd and 3rd molars, 2/3 roots of upper 1st molar

236
Q

What are features of the mandibular nerve? ( CN V3)

A

Largest of 3 Divisons, has a large sensory root and a small motor root

237
Q

What are the Intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Vertical, Transverse, superior Longitudinal, Inferior longitudinal

238
Q

Where does the mandibular nerve pass through?

A

the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone before joing up with V1 and V2

239
Q

Where do each of the consequences for the anterior mandibular teeth occur?

A

1.pulp chamber & root canals
2. submental & submandibular areas
3.submandibular, sublingual, submental spaces
4.root tip or within alveolar bone

240
Q

What is the buccal nerve?

A

Sensory nerve for the buccal mucosa, skin of the cheek and buccal gingiva

241
Q

What is the action of the vertical intrinsic muscle?

A

flatten & broaden the tongue

242
Q

What are the three motor branches of the mandibular nerve?

A

Deep temporal nerve, Masseteric nerve, Lateral pterygoid nerve

243
Q

where does the temporal nerve pass through?

A

Temporalis muscle and sphenoid bone

244
Q

What is the action of the transverse intrinsic muscle?

A

narrow & elongate the tongue

245
Q

Where does the masseteric nerve pass through?

A

Massester muscle and the mandibular notch

246
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid nerve pass through?

A

lateral pterygoid muscle

247
Q

What is the action of the superior longitudinal intrinsic muscle?

A

Shorten the tongue & turns edges forward

248
Q

Where is the canine space located?

A

superior upper lip on the canine fossa,

249
Q

What nerves pass through the mandible?

A

Deep temporal nerve, buccal nerve, massteric nerve, lateral pterygoid nerve, Auriculotemporal nerve, lingual nerve, Mylohyoid nerve, mental nerve, incisive nerve, Inferior Alveolar Nerve

250
Q

What is the Auriculotemporal nerve?

A

A sensory nerve for TMJ and carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the parotid salivary gland

251
Q

What are the four extrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Genioglossus, Palatoglossus,

252
Q

What is the lingual nerve?

A

Sensory nerve for general sensation of tongue, lingual gingiva

253
Q

What is the Mylohyoid nerve?

A

Motor nerve to the mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle

254
Q

What is an important feature of the Palatoglossus tongue muscle?

A

Innervated by vagus nerve through pharyngeal plexus as a soft palate

255
Q

Where is the parotid space located?

A

Fascial space inside the investing layer which envelops the parotid gland

256
Q

What is the mental nerve?

A

Sensory nerve for labial mucosa of anterior teeth through mental foramen

257
Q

What is the incisive nerve?

A

Sensory nerve for mandible premolars and anterior teeth

258
Q

What are the consequences of spread of infection in max posterior teeth?

A

1.Pulpitis
2.Dentoalveolar Abscess
3.Cellulitis
4.Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

259
Q

What is the action of the Styloglossus muscle?

A

Elevate the tongue posteriorly

260
Q

What is the inferior alveolar nerve?

A

Sensory nerve for mandibular molars exits via the mandibular foramen

261
Q

What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A

A nerve pain due to compression or inflammation or degeneration of the trigminial nerve

262
Q

What is the function of the Hyoglossus muscle?

A

Depresses the tongue

263
Q

What treats Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A

Radiation therapy, botox, laser surgery

264
Q

Where do each of these posterior max teeth consequences occur?

A
  1. pulp chambers & root canals
  2. round roots of teeth & within alveolar bone
    3.maxillary sinuses, buccal
  3. veins of face & cavernous sinus
265
Q

What are the likely sources of odontogenic infection to buccal space?

A

maxillary & mandibular premolars and molars

266
Q

What is the facial nerve?

A

mixed nerves of both sensory and motor components

267
Q

What is the function of the Palatoglossus muscle?

A

Elevates the base of the tongue & help to separate oral cavity from pharynx

268
Q

What are the facial nerve junctions?

A

Pons and medulla as the motor root & intermediate nerve

269
Q

Where do the facial nerves pass through?

A

internal auditory meatus ( temporal bone) to run in the facial canal and a small motor branch goes to the stapedius muscle

270
Q

How are maxillary & mandibular premolars and molars likely sources of infection to buccal space?

A

infection erodes through the bone superior & inferior to the attachment of buccinator muscle

271
Q

What is the main artery supply to the tongue?

A

Lingual artery - deep lingual & dorsal lingual

272
Q

What is the pathway of the facial nerve?

A

Originates from the pons-medulla junction, and passes through the internal acoustic meatus and goes through the facial canal in the temporal bone, and exits skull through stylomastoid foramen

273
Q

What are the three muscular nerves of the facial nerve?

A

Posterior auricular nerve, posterior digastric nerve, stylohyoid nerve and 1 large motor root to facial expressions

274
Q

What is the venous drainage of the tongue?

A

Dorsal lingual vein, deep lingual vein

275
Q

What are the five motor branches of facial expression?

A

Temporal branch, Zygomatic branch, Buccal branch, Mandibular branch, Cervical branch

276
Q

What is a muscle of the temporal branch?

A

Superior orbicularis oculi

277
Q

What are the consequences of spread of infection of mandibular posterior teeth?

A
  1. Pulpitis
  2. Dentoalveolar abscess
  3. Cellulitis
  4. Ludwig’s Angina
278
Q

What are tongue abnormalities?

A

Ankyloglossia, Microglossia

279
Q

What are muscles of the Zygomatic branch?

A

Inferior orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major & minor

280
Q

What is a muscle of the Buccal branch?

A

Buccinator

281
Q

What is a muscle of the Mandibular branch?

A

mentalis

282
Q

Where do the consequences for mandibular posterior teeth occur?

A
  1. pulp chamber & root canals
  2. roots of the teeth, or within alveolar bone
  3. submandibular space, sublingual space, buccal space
  4. submandibular space, sublingual space, submental space
283
Q

What is a muscle of the Cervical branch?

A

Platysma

284
Q

What is the first function of the Greater Petrosal nerve?

A

Carries preganglionic parasympathetic (motor) fibres for lacrimal gland to the pterygopalatine ganglion

285
Q

What is the second function of the Greater petrosal nerve?

A

Postganglionic fibres (motor) carried to the lacrimal gland via the zygomatic and lacrimal nerves

286
Q

What is the third function of the Greater petrosal nerve?

A

Carries sensory fibres for taste sensation in the palate

287
Q

What is the Chorda Tympami nerve?

A

Carries pre- and post-ganglionic parasympathetic motor fibres to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands via the submandibular region

288
Q

What is Ball’s palsy?

A

Rapid unilateral facial paralysis due to inflammation or viral infection

289
Q

What treatments are for Ball’s Palsy?

A

Anti-inflammatory corticosterioids

290
Q

What are two factors that can prevent dental infections?

A

Provision of regular quality dentistry, early diagnosis & treatment

291
Q

What is the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Sensory and motor nerves and arises from the medulla oblongata and leaves the skull via the jugular foramen

292
Q

What is the motor component of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

is to the pharyngeal and stylopharyngeus muscles

293
Q

What is a function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Supplies the carotid sinus ( regulates blood pressure)

294
Q

How does provision of regular quality dentistry prevent spread of dental infection?

A

thorough medical history, strict adherence to infection control measures

295
Q

How does early diagnosis and treatment prevent spread of dental infection?

A

Identification of potential source, appropriate antibiotics

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