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Past paper questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Fungi?

A

A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that displays features of both plants and animals

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2
Q

What are types of Fungal Infections?

A

Superficial mycoses, Subcutaneous mycoses, Systemic mycoses

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3
Q

What is Superficial mycoses?

A

A fungal infection found on skin, hair and in oral mucosae

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4
Q

What is Subcutaneous mycoses?

A

A fungal infection found in subcutaneous tissues

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5
Q

What is Systemic mycoses?

A

A fungal infection found in liver/kidneys and lungs

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6
Q

What is the Fungal life cycles?

A

sexual and asexual cycles

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7
Q

What type does Fungi form in?

A

elongating tubular cells, hyphae, or yeast cells

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8
Q

What are the yeast cells from fungi said to be?

A

Dimorphic

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9
Q

What type of Fungi is found in oral cavity?

A

Yeast

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10
Q

What is the harm of the Fungi called Candida albicans?

A

They are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease in immunocompromised people

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11
Q

What are factors that predispose to oral candidosis?

A

Prosthesis, Diabetes, Antibiotics

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12
Q

What are types of viral infections in the oral cavity?

A

Herpes, Varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr

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13
Q

How is Herpes transmitted?

A

By saliva

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14
Q

What antiviral drug prevents Herpes?

A

Acyclovir

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15
Q

What part of the viral replication process does acyclovir occur?

A

Replication of viral nucleic acid

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16
Q

How to prevent viral infections?

A

Vaccination, cross hygiene control

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17
Q

How to prevent fungal infections?

A

Physical barriers, Saliva flushing, Biological components, Microbial competition

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18
Q

What type of physical barriers prevent fungal infection?

A

The skin

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19
Q

What are the biological components that prevent fungal infections?

A

Anti-fungal peptides, Phagocytosis, Inflammation

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20
Q

How does Bacteria prevent fungal infections?

A

Uses up the space and nutrients

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21
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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22
Q

What are features of bacteria?

A

Variety of shapes, are prokaryotes, no nuclear membrane

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23
Q

What do gram positive cells & gram negative cells contain?

A

Peptidoglycan & plasma-membrane

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24
Q

What does a gram negative cell contain that a gram positive cell doesn’t?

A

Outer membrane

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25
Q

What is an important component of the outer membrane of a gram negative cell?

A

Lipopoly-saccharide (LPS)

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26
Q

What is LPS function?

A

Confers a negative charge on a cell and activates inflammatory response in mammalian tissues

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27
Q

What is an important component of the gram positive cell wall?

A

Lipoteichoic acids

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28
Q

What is Lipoteichoic acids functions?

A

Regulate cell wall expansion, confer overall negative charge

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29
Q

What is the function of the plasma-membrane?

A

Separates and protects the inside of the cell wall from the environment

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30
Q

What is the function of Peptidoglycan?

A

Protects the cell from bursting due to turgor pressure and maintains cell shape

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31
Q

What is peptidoglycan made up of?

A

Sugar and amino acids

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32
Q

What is bacterial replication called?

A

Binary fission

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33
Q

Binary fission is?

A

Growth of cells and splitting into two

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34
Q

What is significant about endospores in relation to disinfection in clinics?

A

These spores are not cured by disinfectant due to their properties therefore spores will not die and bacteria will stay alive.

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35
Q

What oral diseases are caused by bacteria?

A

Dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, mucositis

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36
Q

What do anti-bacterial drugs affect?

A

They affect bacteria growth such as peptidoglycan synthesis and protein synthesis

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37
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

Bacteria transferring DNA, plasmids, from one cell to another

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38
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Cells that carry drug resistance genes

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39
Q

What kind of amino acids does bacteria contain?

A

D-isomeric amino acids

40
Q

What are the stages of viral replication?

A

Adsorption, Penetration, Uncoating, Viral nucleic acid, Replication, Assembly

41
Q

How is Viral replication different from Fungal replication?

A

Viral replication depend on their host cell’s protein synthesis pathways to reproduce.

42
Q

What is the articulation joint between the Frontal Bone and Partial region called?

A

Anterior Fontanelle

43
Q

What are the 3 important sutures on the top of the skull?

A

Coronal suture, Sagittal suture, Lambdoidal Suture

44
Q

What is the important suture on the side of the skull?

A

Squamosal Suture

45
Q

What is the bone found behind the eye socket?

A

Sphenoid bone

46
Q

What is the TMJ between?

A

Temporal Bone and Mandible

47
Q

What is the TMJ anatomical location?

A

Directly anterior to the external auditory meatus and inferior to the zygomatic arch

48
Q

What is Synovial Fluid?

A

Fills the synovial cavities

49
Q

What is the Synovial Fluids functions?

A

lubricates the joints and reduces friction between two articular surfaces

50
Q

What are the three ligaments associated with TMJ?

A

TMJ ligament, Spenomandibular ligament, Stylomandibular ligament

51
Q

What is TMJ controlled by?

A

Masticatory muscles

52
Q

What are movements made by the joint associated with muscles?

A

Gliding movement or rotational movement

53
Q

What are the types of mandibular movements of TMJ?

A

Protrusion, Retraction, Elevation, Depression, Lateral movements

54
Q

What are disorders of TMJ?

A

Dislocation, Fracture, Disc Derangement disorders,

55
Q

What are the main muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter Muscle, Temporalis Muscle, Medial pterygoid muscle, Lateral pterygoid Muscle

56
Q

What nerves pass through the pterygomandibular
space?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, buccal nerve

57
Q

What are the three distinct layers of the meninges?

A

Dura matter, Arachnoid matter, Pia matter

58
Q

What is Dura Matter?

A

strong white fibrous connective tissue; forms outer layer of meninges and inner periosteum of cranial bones

59
Q

What is Arachnoid matter?

A

delicate cobweb-like middle layer in the subarachnoid space

60
Q

What is Pia matter?

A

innermost transparent layer directly covering brain and spinal cord, has blood vessels.

61
Q

What is the Pterygoid Venous Plexus?

A

A network of small veins within the infra-temporal fossa around pterygoid muscles.

62
Q

What is the function of Pterygoid Venous Plexus?

A

Could carry micro-organisms to the region and cause spread of infections

63
Q

What is a disease that can be caused due to spread of infections through the pterygoid Venous Plexus?

A

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

64
Q

What are the three structures to the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla

65
Q

What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?

A

It contains the cardiac and respiratory control centres

66
Q

Injury or disease to Medulla Oblongata causes what?

A

Death

67
Q

What are the functions of Pons?

A

Contain the response centres of Cranial Nerve V, Cranial Nerve VI, Cranial Nerve VII

68
Q

What is the function of the mid-brain

A

Contains auditory centres and clusters of Neurons involved in muscular control.

69
Q

What are the two main functions of Saliva?

A

Protection & digestion

70
Q

What is the function of protection?

A

Maintains pH, growth factors, other proteins and acquired pellicle

71
Q

How is saliva produced?

A

specialised exocrine glands

72
Q

What is the pterygomandibular space?

A

Space within infratemporal fossa, narrow gap between medial pterygoid muscle

73
Q

What are the boundaries of the pterygomandibular space?

A

Medial pterygoid muscle, mandibular ramus, paratoid gland, pterygomandibular raphe

74
Q

What spaces communicate with the pterygomandibular space?

A

Submandibular space, Parapharyngeal space, Retropharyngeal space, Mediastinum

75
Q

What is the clinical importance of the pterygomandibular space?

A

Only practical place where IBD injection can be preformed

76
Q

What is the compact (cortical) bone function?

A

forms the outer shell of bones

77
Q

What is the trabecular bone function?

A

bony mesh that supports the myeloid tissue

78
Q

How many types of bones are there?

A

6

79
Q

What types of bone shapes are there?

A

Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular Bones, Sesamoid Bones, Sutural Bones

80
Q

What are the types of flat bones?

A

skull bones, frontal bones e.g sternum

81
Q

What are the types of Irregular bones?

A

Sphenoid bone, vertebrae, sutural bones

82
Q

What are Sutural bones?

A

Small, irregularly shaped bones between flat skull bones

83
Q

What are types of Sutural bones?

A

coronal sutures ( frontal and temporal bones)

84
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Haematopoiesis

85
Q

What is the support function for bones?

A

Supporting framework for the body

86
Q

What is the protection function for bones?

A

Bony enclosures to protect delicate organs

87
Q

What is the movement function for bones?

A

Bones with muscles = controlled movement at joints

88
Q

What is the mineral storage function for bones?

A

Hydroxyapatite is a major reservoir for calcium and phosphorus

89
Q

what is the haematopoiesis function for bones?

A

Red blood cell formation by myeloid tissue

90
Q

How much of the Extra-cellular matrix is inorganic?

A

67%

91
Q

How much of the extra-cellular matrix is organic?

A

33%

92
Q

What is the function of inorganic bone tissue?

A

Contributes to hardness and resistance to compression forces

93
Q

What is the function of organic bone tissue?

A

Contributes to tensile strength

94
Q

What is organic bone tissue made up of?

A

Type 1 collagen and proteglycans

95
Q

What is the Osteon?

A

basic unit of compact bone and has cylindrical structures

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