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1
Q

What is Fungi?

A

A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that displays features of both plants and animals

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2
Q

What are types of Fungal Infections?

A

Superficial mycoses, Subcutaneous mycoses, Systemic mycoses

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3
Q

What is Superficial mycoses?

A

A fungal infection found on skin, hair and in oral mucosae

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4
Q

What is Subcutaneous mycoses?

A

A fungal infection found in subcutaneous tissues

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5
Q

What is Systemic mycoses?

A

A fungal infection found in liver/kidneys and lungs

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6
Q

What is the Fungal life cycles?

A

sexual and asexual cycles

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7
Q

What type does Fungi form in?

A

elongating tubular cells, hyphae, or yeast cells

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8
Q

What are the yeast cells from fungi said to be?

A

Dimorphic

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9
Q

What type of Fungi is found in oral cavity?

A

Yeast

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10
Q

What is the harm of the Fungi called Candida albicans?

A

They are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease in immunocompromised people

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11
Q

What are factors that predispose to oral candidosis?

A

Prosthesis, Diabetes, Antibiotics

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12
Q

What are types of viral infections in the oral cavity?

A

Herpes, Varicella zoster, Epstein-Barr

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13
Q

How is Herpes transmitted?

A

By saliva

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14
Q

What antiviral drug prevents Herpes?

A

Acyclovir

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15
Q

What part of the viral replication process does acyclovir occur?

A

Replication of viral nucleic acid

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16
Q

How to prevent viral infections?

A

Vaccination, cross hygiene control

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17
Q

How to prevent fungal infections?

A

Physical barriers, Saliva flushing, Biological components, Microbial competition

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18
Q

What type of physical barriers prevent fungal infection?

A

The skin

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19
Q

What are the biological components that prevent fungal infections?

A

Anti-fungal peptides, Phagocytosis, Inflammation

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20
Q

How does Bacteria prevent fungal infections?

A

Uses up the space and nutrients

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21
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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22
Q

What are features of bacteria?

A

Variety of shapes, are prokaryotes, no nuclear membrane

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23
Q

What do gram positive cells & gram negative cells contain?

A

Peptidoglycan & plasma-membrane

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24
Q

What does a gram negative cell contain that a gram positive cell doesn’t?

A

Outer membrane

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25
What is an important component of the outer membrane of a gram negative cell?
Lipopoly-saccharide (LPS)
26
What is LPS function?
Confers a negative charge on a cell and activates inflammatory response in mammalian tissues
27
What is an important component of the gram positive cell wall?
Lipoteichoic acids
28
What is Lipoteichoic acids functions?
Regulate cell wall expansion, confer overall negative charge
29
What is the function of the plasma-membrane?
Separates and protects the inside of the cell wall from the environment
30
What is the function of Peptidoglycan?
Protects the cell from bursting due to turgor pressure and maintains cell shape
31
What is peptidoglycan made up of?
Sugar and amino acids
32
What is bacterial replication called?
Binary fission
33
Binary fission is?
Growth of cells and splitting into two
34
What is significant about endospores in relation to disinfection in clinics?
These spores are not cured by disinfectant due to their properties therefore spores will not die and bacteria will stay alive.
35
What oral diseases are caused by bacteria?
Dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, mucositis
36
What do anti-bacterial drugs affect?
They affect bacteria growth such as peptidoglycan synthesis and protein synthesis
37
What is horizontal gene transfer?
Bacteria transferring DNA, plasmids, from one cell to another
38
What are plasmids?
Cells that carry drug resistance genes
39
What kind of amino acids does bacteria contain?
D-isomeric amino acids
40
What are the stages of viral replication?
Adsorption, Penetration, Uncoating, Viral nucleic acid, Replication, Assembly
41
How is Viral replication different from Fungal replication?
Viral replication depend on their host cell's protein synthesis pathways to reproduce.
42
What is the articulation joint between the Frontal Bone and Partial region called?
Anterior Fontanelle
43
What are the 3 important sutures on the top of the skull?
Coronal suture, Sagittal suture, Lambdoidal Suture
44
What is the important suture on the side of the skull?
Squamosal Suture
45
What is the bone found behind the eye socket?
Sphenoid bone
46
What is the TMJ between?
Temporal Bone and Mandible
47
What is the TMJ anatomical location?
Directly anterior to the external auditory meatus and inferior to the zygomatic arch
48
What is Synovial Fluid?
Fills the synovial cavities
49
What is the Synovial Fluids functions?
lubricates the joints and reduces friction between two articular surfaces
50
What are the three ligaments associated with TMJ?
TMJ ligament, Spenomandibular ligament, Stylomandibular ligament
51
What is TMJ controlled by?
Masticatory muscles
52
What are movements made by the joint associated with muscles?
Gliding movement or rotational movement
53
What are the types of mandibular movements of TMJ?
Protrusion, Retraction, Elevation, Depression, Lateral movements
54
What are disorders of TMJ?
Dislocation, Fracture, Disc Derangement disorders,
55
What are the main muscles of mastication?
Masseter Muscle, Temporalis Muscle, Medial pterygoid muscle, Lateral pterygoid Muscle
56
What nerves pass through the pterygomandibular space?
Inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, buccal nerve
57
What are the three distinct layers of the meninges?
Dura matter, Arachnoid matter, Pia matter
58
What is Dura Matter?
strong white fibrous connective tissue; forms outer layer of meninges and inner periosteum of cranial bones
59
What is Arachnoid matter?
delicate cobweb-like middle layer in the subarachnoid space
60
What is Pia matter?
innermost transparent layer directly covering brain and spinal cord, has blood vessels.
61
What is the Pterygoid Venous Plexus?
A network of small veins within the infra-temporal fossa around pterygoid muscles.
62
What is the function of Pterygoid Venous Plexus?
Could carry micro-organisms to the region and cause spread of infections
63
What is a disease that can be caused due to spread of infections through the pterygoid Venous Plexus?
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
64
What are the three structures to the brainstem?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
65
What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?
It contains the cardiac and respiratory control centres
66
Injury or disease to Medulla Oblongata causes what?
Death
67
What are the functions of Pons?
Contain the response centres of Cranial Nerve V, Cranial Nerve VI, Cranial Nerve VII
68
What is the function of the mid-brain
Contains auditory centres and clusters of Neurons involved in muscular control.
69
What are the two main functions of Saliva?
Protection & digestion
70
What is the function of protection?
Maintains pH, growth factors, other proteins and acquired pellicle
71
How is saliva produced?
specialised exocrine glands
72
What is the pterygomandibular space?
Space within infratemporal fossa, narrow gap between medial pterygoid muscle
73
What are the boundaries of the pterygomandibular space?
Medial pterygoid muscle, mandibular ramus, paratoid gland, pterygomandibular raphe
74
What spaces communicate with the pterygomandibular space?
Submandibular space, Parapharyngeal space, Retropharyngeal space, Mediastinum
75
What is the clinical importance of the pterygomandibular space?
Only practical place where IBD injection can be preformed
76
What is the compact (cortical) bone function?
forms the outer shell of bones
77
What is the trabecular bone function?
bony mesh that supports the myeloid tissue
78
How many types of bones are there?
6
79
What types of bone shapes are there?
Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular Bones, Sesamoid Bones, Sutural Bones
80
What are the types of flat bones?
skull bones, frontal bones e.g sternum
81
What are the types of Irregular bones?
Sphenoid bone, vertebrae, sutural bones
82
What are Sutural bones?
Small, irregularly shaped bones between flat skull bones
83
What are types of Sutural bones?
coronal sutures ( frontal and temporal bones)
84
What are the functions of bones?
Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Haematopoiesis
85
What is the support function for bones?
Supporting framework for the body
86
What is the protection function for bones?
Bony enclosures to protect delicate organs
87
What is the movement function for bones?
Bones with muscles = controlled movement at joints
88
What is the mineral storage function for bones?
Hydroxyapatite is a major reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
89
what is the haematopoiesis function for bones?
Red blood cell formation by myeloid tissue
90
How much of the Extra-cellular matrix is inorganic?
67%
91
How much of the extra-cellular matrix is organic?
33%
92
What is the function of inorganic bone tissue?
Contributes to hardness and resistance to compression forces
93
What is the function of organic bone tissue?
Contributes to tensile strength
94
What is organic bone tissue made up of?
Type 1 collagen and proteglycans
95
What is the Osteon?
basic unit of compact bone and has cylindrical structures

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