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Anatomy & Physiology 200 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Cell membrane

A

Selectively permeable plasma membrane

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer

Function to provide a continuous barrier to separate the cell and its internal components from the external environment.

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2
Q

What is the lipid bilayer selectively permeable for/against?

A

Permeable to: nonpolar, hydrophobic and uncharged substances (ex: steroids, O2, CO2, N2)

Impermeable to: polar, hydrophilic and charged substances (ex. ions and large proteins)

Exception: permeable to H2O, even though it is polar/hydrophillic

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3
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The model usually used to describe cell membrane action.

Membrane is highly fluctuating due to the high rate of fluctuation and movement of the phospholipids.

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4
Q

Membrane Gradient

A

The chemical difference between the inside and outside of the cell.

If the difference involves ions with charges, the result is a Membrane Potential

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5
Q

Ampipathic properties of phospholipids

A

Polar, hydrophilic phosphate head, and non polar, hydrophobic, lipid tail.

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6
Q

What is the lipid bilayer composed of?

A

FATS

  1. phospholipids (75%)
  2. cholesterol (20%). Carries an OH- (thus polar) and attaches to phosphate head
  3. glycolipids (5%). Contains polar carbohydrate and found only on extracellular side of membrane.

PROTEINS

  1. integral (many are glycoproteins)
  2. peripheral
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7
Q

What are the roles of the cell membrane glycolipids believed to be?

A

Signal transduction, cell to cell adhesion, binding

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8
Q

Glyocalyx

A

Sugary coat created by the carbohydrate ends of the glycoproteins that marks the cell’s uniqueness

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9
Q

What are the 6 functions of proteins in the cell membrane?

A
  1. transport
  2. ion channel
  3. receptor
  4. enzymatic
  5. linkers
  6. markers
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10
Q

Transporter proteins

A

Transports polar (hydrophilic) uncharged substances.

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11
Q

Ion channel

A

Selectively transports ions through the membrane. Very important in nerve impulses. Specific to certain ions.

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12
Q

Receptor

A

Cellular regulation sites

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13
Q

Ligand

A

A specific molecule that bonds to a receptor

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14
Q

Enzyme

A

Integral proteins that catalyze specific reactions at the inside or outside of the cell’s surface

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15
Q

Linkers

A

Attach to other cells. Example: clotting with linkers attach to surrounding platelets

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16
Q

Markers

A

Glycoproteins (and glycolipids) that help cells recognize each other, and identify foreign cells
Ex. ABO blood markers

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17
Q

Passive transport

A

Doesn’t require ATP.

Uses kinetic energy, via electrical or concentration gradients

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18
Q

What are the two main types of passive transport?

A

Osmosis

Diffusion (can be simple or facilitated)

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19
Q

Why are integral proteins required to help diffuse some ions through the membrane?

A

Because ions are polar, and thus hydrophilic, they have difficulty moving through the fatty acid tail lipid bilayer.

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20
Q

What are the two ways that diffusion can be facilitated?

A

Channel or carrier mediation

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21
Q

Osmosis

A

A special type of diffusion in which a solvent goes from higher to lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

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22
Q

Acquaporin

A

Membrane channel specific to H2O

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23
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the solvent on the solute side of the membrane. Directly proportional to the concentration of the solute.

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24
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the presence of colloids (large solutes) in a closed tube. Pulls solves to the side with the higher solute concentration.

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25
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure exerted by the solvent on its surroundings, usually on the side of the solute. Opposes osmosis!
26
Tonicity
Measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering the water content.
27
Isotonic
Any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume, because the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside of the cell.
28
Hypertonic
Higher concentration of solutes in the surrounding solution. Water tends to leave the cell --> Crenation
29
Hypotonic
Lower concentration of solutes outside of the cell, so water will enter the cell via osmosis. May lead to lysis
30
Primary active transport
Uses ATP to move substance across membrane, against the concentration gradient (ex. sodium-potassium pump)
31
Secondary active transport
Indirectly utilizes the energy from primary transport pumps. Uses the kinetic energy of molecules travelling down their concentration gradient to fuel movement up their own gradient. Symporters move two substances in the same direction; antiporters move them in opposite directions
32
Exocytosis
A substance is released out of the cell. If it's useful: secretion If it's waste: excretion
33
Endocytosis
The process of taking a substance into the cell for metabolism
34
Phagocytosis
A form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles. Two of the few cells large enough to engage in phagocytosis are neutrophils and macrophages Pseudopods may be used to engulf target microbes
35
Pinocytosis
AKA bulk phase endocytosis The taking in of fluids (and floating solutes) into the cell by pinching off bits of the plasma membrane
36
Transcytosis
Combination endo and exocytosis. Just passing through
37
Cytoplasm
Includes everything that is in between the cell membrane and the nucleus. Composed of 1) cytosol and 2) organelles
38
Cytosol
The fluid portion of cytoplasm (approx 50% cell volume). Site of many of the cell's biochemical reactions.
39
Cytoskeleton
Components that make up the shape and structure of the cell. Three types: 1) microfilament 2) intermediate filaments 3) microtubles
40
Microfilament
Smallest of the cytoskeleton structures. Composed of actin protein. Involved in movement, muscle contraction, cell division, locomotion, and structure Helps anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane Helps form microvilli
41
Intermediate filaments
Medium sized cytoskeleton Composed mostly of keratin protein. Aids in internal stability and keeps organelles in specific postions Helps forming connections between cells
42
Microtubules
Largest of the cytoskeletons Composed mostly of tubulin protein Long and hollow. Formed in centrosome Helps determine cell's shape and internal organelle movement Forms cilia and flagella Contributes to chromosome mobility during mitosis and meiosis
43
Centrosome
Involved in meiosis and mitosis Always found near nucleus and has two components: 1) centriole (pair) 2) pericentriolar material
44
Centriole
One component of the centrosome Found in pairs Cylindrical structure composed of 9 clusters of 3 microtubules
45
Pericentriolar material
One component of the centrosome Contains tubulin protein to help build microtubules Starting point for mitotic spindles during mitosis
46
Cilia & Flagella
Composed mostly of microtubules. Found on external surface of cells Assist in locomotion Cilia: hair-like projections the move in a coordinated wave to provide mobility Flagella: long, tubular talilish structure
47
Ribosomes
Make proteins! Free floating: make proteins for use in the cytosol Attached (to endoplasmic reticulum): make proteins for other organelles, exocytosis or the cell membrane. Made of two separate subunits in nucleus, which are assembled in the cytosol Also found in mitochondria, which it synthesizes enzymes
48
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of flattened tubes/sacs that extend from the nuclear membrane, throughout the cytoplasm.
49
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Continuous with nuclear membrane. Studded with ribosomes. Produce lipoproteins and glycoproteins for internal cell use or secretion via exocytosis. Secretory proteins, membrane proteins, organellar proteins.
50
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Extends from rough ER. No ribosomes Doesn't synthesize proteins, but does synthesize fatty acids and steroids. Involved in catabolism of glycogen --> glucose In the liver, release glucose in bloodstream and inactivate or detoxify lipid-soluble drugs etc. In muscle cells, equivalent called sarcoplasmic reticulum, and stores and releases Ca+ for muscle contractions.
51
Golgi bodies
Transports, receives, modifies and packages amino acids arriving from the rough ER. The FedEx of the cell
52
Action of the golgi body
1. Entry/Cis Face: convex, receives amino acid/protein from rough ER. 2. Medial cisternae: modifies polypeptide chains with enzymes to form either glycoproteins or lipoproteins. 3. Exit/Trans Face: concave side. Releases finished product in vesicles.
53
Three forms of enzyme vesicles
1. lysosomes 2. peroxisomes 3. proteosomes
54
Lysosome
Contains digestive and hydrolytic enzymes that digest absorbed substances into cytoplasmic vesicles Created by golgi body Autophagy: destroys organelle (usually to recycle) Autolyse: destroys entire cell.
55
Peroxisomes
Microbodies Similar to lysosomes. Contain oxidase enzyme that removes H+ from organic molecules, and catalase, which decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into safer substances
56
Proteosomes
Contain protease | Cleans up used proteins in cytoplasm
57
Mitochondria
Generates ATP through aerobic metabolism Composed of : Cristae, and the matrix (space between cristae). Contains ribosomes and its own set of mDNA. Can self replicate proteins for normal functioning.
58
Nucleoli
Spherical bodies within the nucleus, made up of clusters of RNA, DNA and protein. Produce rRNA and ribosomal subunits
59
Chromatin
The scattered RNA, DNA and proteins, prior to cell division. Will cluster for division
60
Genes
Segments of DNA that encode for specific traits and characteristics.
61
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double helix Structure of nucleic acids, pentose sugars and phosphate groups
62
Chromosomes
The arrangement of genes into chromatin fibres during cell division. Exists only during meiosis/mitosis (otherwise in chromatin state). Humans have 23 pairs
63
Genome
Total genetic information of an organism
64
Histones
Protein balls that DNA double helix coils around for stability
65
Nucleosomes
Combination of histones and clusters of DNA
66
Linker DNA
Section of the double helix that likes nucleosomes togther
67
Chromatin fiber
Section of many nucleosomes and linker DNAs in a row
68
Chromatid
1/2 of a chromosome. 2 chromatids = 1 chromosomes
69
Centromere
The central portion of a chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together
70
Telomere
The terminal portions of the chromosomes
71
Base pairing in DNA
Adenine Thyamine | Guanine Cytosine
72
Base pairing in RNA
Adenine Uracil | Guanine Cytosine

Anatomy & Physiology 200 (7 decks)

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