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Anatomy & Physiology 200 > Tissue Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Tissue Level Of Organization Flashcards

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0
Q

Four main tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissue

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2
Q

Three primary germ layers

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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3
Q

What tissues derive from endoderm?

A

Epithelial
GI
Respiratory
Urinary tract

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4
Q

What tissues derive from mesoderm?

A

Epithelial
Most muscle
Connective (incl blood)

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5
Q

What tissues derive from ectoderm?

A

Epithelial

Nervous

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6
Q

What are the five types of cell-to-cell junctions?

A
  1. Tight
  2. Adherens
  3. Desmosome
  4. Hemidesmosome
  5. Gap junction
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7
Q

Tight junctions

A

Transmembrane proteins fuse outer surfaces of adjacent cells
Act like surgical sutures. Prevent leaking.

Found in stomach, intestines, bladder.

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8
Q

Adherens junctions

A

Contain protein plaques which adhere to actin microfilaments, which in turn attach to transmembrane cadherin glycoproteins, which project between cells.

May form adhesion belts

Found in cells that need to be held together during contraction (ie in intestines)

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9
Q

Desmosome

A

Like Adherens junctions, but attach to keratin intermediate filaments. Like buttons.

Found in epidermis and cardiac cells

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10
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Half a desmosome, but connects plasma membrane to a basement membrane instead of another plasma membrane.

External membrane protein = laminin

Also the transmembrane glycoprotein is integrin rather than cadherin.

Found connecting dermis and hypodermis layers.

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11
Q

Gap junctions.

A

Tunnel-like connections (connexons) made up of glycoprotein connexin.

More of a communications bridge between cells than a structural attachment.

Allows for communicatios and transfer of waste products, chemicals or electrical signals, ions and nutrients.

Found in cornea cells, muscle and nerve cells and GI and urinary cells.

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12
Q

Mesenchyme

A

A form of embryonic connective tissue.
From which ALL connective tissue arises.
Has stem cell capabilities.

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13
Q

Key roles of epithelium

A

Protection from chemical and physical damage
Absorption of nutrients
Excretion
Secretion

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14
Q

What are the surfaces of epithelial cells?

A

Apical
Lateral
Basal surfaces

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15
Q

Apical surface

A

Free side of epithelial cells that open up into the body cavity, or lumen of an organ or vessel.

May contain cilia or micro villus

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16
Q

Lateral surface

A

The side of an epithelial cell that is shared with adjacent cells.

Where cell junctions found.

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17
Q

Basal surface

A

The side of an epithelial cell that is opposite to the apical surface.

Responsible for attachment to basement membranes and underlying connective tissues.

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18
Q

Basement membrane

A

Layer that attaches epidermis to connective tissues.

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19
Q

What is the basement membrane composed of?

A

Basal lamina (collagen fibres, laminin protein, glycoproteins and proteiglycans)

Reticular lamina (fibrous proteins created by fibroblasts).

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20
Q

What are the three arrangement types of epithelial cells?

A

Simple
Pseudo stratified
Stratified.

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21
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Single layer of cells. Easy exchange of substances

Ex. Capillaries or alveolar sacs

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22
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Appears multilayered but is on fact only single layered. Contain projections that give multilayered appearance.

Ex. Nasal mucosa

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23
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells.
Areas reuniting strength and reinforcement, or where cells slough off easily.
Ex. Skin.

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24
What are the four epithelial cell shapes?
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional
25
Squamous epithelial cells
Flat. Allow for a high rate of absorption Ex. Lungs and capillaries
26
Cuboidal epithelial cells
Cube shaped with micro villus. Allows for secretion and absorption.
27
Columnar epithelial cells
Column shaped with microvilli. Allows for secretion and absorption.
28
Transitional epithelial cells
Flat to cuboidal shaped. | Allows for distension and stretch.
29
Goblet cell
Epithelial. Modified columnar cells that secrete mucous. Unicellular exocrine glands.
30
Ciliates
Epithelial cell with cilia
31
Mesothelium
Simple squamous epithelium of serous membranes
32
Serous membranes
Line cavities (parietal) and the outside of organs (visceral)
33
Endothelium
Simple squamous epithelium of blood and lymphatic vessels.
34
Glands
Specialized epithelial/dermal tissues that produce secretions and release them into: - ducts - the blood stream, or - onto the surface of organs
35
What are the two types of glands?
Exocrine | Endocrine
36
Exocrine gland
Secretes into ducts to be carried away into the lumen or onto skin surfaces. Short distance
37
Lumen
Inside space of a tubular structure.
38
Three functional classifications of exocrine glands:
1. Merocrine 2. Apocrine 3. Holocrine
39
Merocrine
An exocrine gland in which secretions are made in the cell and released in vesicles when ready. Ex. Pancreatic and salivary glands
40
Apocrine
An exocrine gland in which secretions are accumulated on apical surfaces until ready for release. Ex. Mammary glands
41
Holocrine
An exocrine gland in which secretions are accumulated in the cytosol and released in a large, excretory vesicle. Ex. Sebaceous gland.
42
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
43
What are the structural classifications of exocrine glands?
Simple (does not branch) - tubular - branched - coiled tubular - acinar - branched acinar Compound (branches) - tubular - acinar - tubuloacinar.
44
Endocrine glands
Secrete hormones into the bloodstream for use elsewhere.
45
Chondroblasts
Cells that make cartilage
46
Fibroblasts
Most numerous connective tissue cells | Make fibre and produce/secrete ground substance.
47
Ground substance
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue Mostly composed of H2O and serves as support and binding May be fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous or calcified.
48
Macrophage
Develop from monocytes Involved in inflammatory and immune response "Big eater"
49
Six types of Connective tissue
``` Fibroblasts Macrophages Plasma Mast cells Adipocytes Leukocytes/WBC ```
50
Plasma
Main producers of antibodies Develops from b-lymphocytes and involved in immune response.
51
Mast cells
Produce histamines. Involved in inflammatory response Vasodilate blood vessels; vasoconstricts bronchioles
52
Adipocytes
Produce/store/secrete lipids
53
White blood cells
Aka Leukocytes Allergic and immune response
54
Matrix
Substance that surrounds cells Consists of ground substance an GAGs
55
GAGs
Glyco-Amino Glycans The organic substances dissolved in ground substance. made up of proteins, polysaccharides and fibronectin.
56
Hyluronic acid
Fluid Protein found in GAGs Lubricates joints and helps maintain shape of eyeball.
57
What are the polysaccharides found in GAGs?
Chondroitin sulphate (cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels) Dermatan sulphate (skin, tendon, blood vessels and valves) Keratan sulphate (bone, cartilage and eye balls)
58
Fibronectin
Main adhesion protein in connective tissue. Binds collagen fibres to ground substance, and cells to ground substance.
59
What are the three main types of fibres?
Collagen Elastic Reticular
60
Collagen fibres
Made up of collagen proteins Provide the majority of strength and stability in cartilage, tendons and ligaments
61
Elastic fibres
Made up of elastin and fibrillin fibres Allows for elasticity and extensibility of fibres (up to 150% of original length).
62
Reticular fibres.
Made up of collagen protein, but thinner and more widespread, forming a network. Aids in support and strength.
63
Stroma
Bed/covering formed by reticular fibres. Forms the internal structure of organs that gives them their characteristic structure and shape. Also forms the basement membrane
64
What are the two forms of embryonic connective tissue?
Mesenchyme | Mucous
65
Mesenchyme
Embryonic tissue from which all connective tissue arises
66
Mucous connective tissue
Embryonic. Wharton's Jelly Umbilical tissue with a mucous-like structure that contains a form of mesenchyme.
67
What are the five types of mature connective tissue?
``` Loose Dense Cartilage Bone tissue Liquid ```
68
Loose connective tissue: types
1. Loose areolar 2. Loose adipose 3. Loose reticular.
69
Loose areolar connective tissue
Strength, elastic and support Found in subcutaneous layer. Contains most types of connective tissue cells
70
Loose adipose connective tissue
Temperature regulation, support and protection. Found in subcutaneous layer. Mainly adipocytes
71
Loose reticular connective tissue
Reticular cells. Found in stroma of internal organs Support, structure and binding together of other tissues.
72
What are the types of dense connective tissue?
1. Dense regular (tendons and ligaments) 2. Dense irregular (epidermis, heart valves, sheaths, periosteum) 3. Dense elastic (blood vessels, lungs) - show up as yellow.
73
Cartilage
Dense network of collagen and elastin embedded in chondroitin sulphate.
74
Chondrocytes
Cells of mature cartilage.
75
Three types of cartilage:
1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage
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Hyaline cartilage
Collagen intertwined with ground substance. Provides smooth surface for movement. Most abundant. Weakest. Found in long bones, ribs, trachea and nose
77
Fibrocartilage
Collagen intertwined within the matrix. Support, joining structures together Strongest form of cartilage Knees, iVDs, pubic symphysis
78
Elastic cartilage
Mostly elastin fibres. Very stretchy. Ears. Epiglottis.
79
Bone
Composed of osseus cells, red and yellow bone marrow. Stores calcium and phosphate Support protection structure.
80
2 types of bone tissue
Compact Spongy
81
Two types of liquid connective tissue
Blood | Lymph
82
Blood plasma
The extracellular matrix of blood
83
Three types of blood cells
Red blood cells White bold cells Platelets
84
Lymph
ECF of the lymphatic system. Involved in immune reactions and combatting infections.
85
Functions of muscle tissue
Initiating movement Heat production Posture and form
86
Three types of muscle tissue;
Skeletal (voluntary, striated) Smooth (involuntary, unstriated) Cardiac (involuntary, striated)
87
Two types of nervous tissue
Neurons (nerve cells) | Neuroglia (supportive)
88
Membranes
Sheets of tissue that line or cover a portion of the body Can cover: 1. Cavities 2. Organs 3. Tracts
89
Alimentary canal
Mouth to bum.
90
Two types of membranes:
1. Epithelial | 2. Synovial
91
Three types of epithelial membranes:
A. Mucous B. Serous C. Cutaneous.
92
Mucous membranes
Aka mucosa Protective layer that opens onto the exterior of the body. Respiratory, GI, reproductive and urinary. Composed of epithelial layer and connective tissue layer (Lamina propria)
93
Serous membranes
Aka serosa Line cavities that do not open to the outside world. Two layers: parietal (cavity wall) and visceral (surrounds organ) In between the layers, mesothelioma secretes serous fluid, which allows for adherence and movement.
94
Cutaneous membrane
Epidermis and dermis.
95
Synovial membranes
Found only in joints Composed of synoviocytes, which secrete synovial fluid. Pops caused by NO2.

Anatomy & Physiology 200 (7 decks)

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