Cell Birth And Death II- Lecture 9/10/21

Question 1

Uterine fibroids

Answer 1

Benign neoplasia of the smooth muscle cells in the uterus, most common tumor in women

Question 2

Malignant neoplasia

Answer 2

Has lost positional and proliferative controls, synonymous with cancer

Question 3

How to balance proliferation and death

Answer 3

In general, want the rates to be equal, if proliferation>apoptosis, there is tissue growth
If apoptosis>proliferation, tissue shrinkage

Question 4

Necrosis

Answer 4

Unplanned cell death caused by ischemia, physical, or chemical trauma, cells lyse and leads to iflammation

Question 5

Apoptosis

Answer 5

Triggered by specific signals, causes membrane bless and phagocytosed

Question 6

Apoptosis in development

Answer 6

Happens in between digits to separate

Question 7

Polycystic kidney disease

Answer 7

When there’s too much apoptosis in the kidney, which leads to cysts and loss of function. #1 inherited kidney disease

Question 8

DNA ladder and apoptosis

Answer 8

DNA ladder is characteristic of apoptosis every ~186 b.p, endonucleases cleave in between nucleosomes

Question 9

3 phases of apoptosis

Answer 9

Induction, modulation and execution

Question 10

Induction

Answer 10

First step of apoptosis, physiologic, damage related, therapy associated
Two major pathways, intrinsic or extrinsic

Question 11

Modulation

Answer 11

Intrinsic pathway only, both pro and anti apoptotic Bcl proteins

Question 12

Execution

Answer 12

Initiation of the cascade cascade ending with the executioner cascade and endonuclease activation

Question 13

Inducers of apoptosis (extrinsic pathway) (2)

Answer 13

Receptor mediated, TNF alpha and FasL

Question 14

Inducers of apoptosis (intrinsic)

Answer 14

Growth/survival factor withdrawal, glucocorticoids, viral infection, heat shock, toxins, tumor suppressors

Question 15

Immunologically privileged sites

Answer 15

Eyes and testis, no lymphocytes around to avoid autoimmune response

Question 16

Mechanism of maintaining immunological privileged sites

Answer 16

Endothelial cells to the entrance lined with FasL ligand and ly,phocytes express FasL receptor, immediately die

Question 17

Cachexia

Answer 17

Wasting syndrome

Question 18

P53 mechanism in apoptosis

Answer 18

Build up of p53 causes channels in mitochondria (via Bcl2) which allows cytochrome C to leak out and initiate caspase cascade

Question 19

Hashimoto disease

Answer 19

Hypothyroidism caused by overactive apoptosis