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Cell Biology > Development II- Lecture 9/21/21 > Flashcards

Development II- Lecture 9/21/21 Flashcards

1
Q

Corpus luteum secretion

A

Secretes progesterone until 20 weeks of gestation

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2
Q

hGH

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin, secreted from the implanted blastocyst, tells corpus luteum to keep secreting progesterone

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3
Q

Sperm transport

A

Swim faster in alkaline environments, varying with pH, moves along by uterine contractions stimulated by PGE2 in semen

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4
Q

Minimum sperm level for fertility

A

About 10 million/mL

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5
Q

Normal sperm concentration

A

100 million/mL of ejaculate, usually about 2-6 mL

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6
Q

Sperm capacitation

A

Takes 6-8 hrs, glycoproteins coat removed from acrosome surface and can swim and fertilize

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7
Q

Acrosome rxn

A

Initiated when bing to ZP3, causes membrane to perforate, releasing enzymes that can break down the matrix

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8
Q

The eureka moment (fusion)

A

Plasma membranes of the oocyte and sperm fuse, official start of fertilization (takes 24 hours), egg completes meiosis II

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9
Q

Cortical reaction

A

Blocks polyspermy, membrane fusion triggers rapid and massive exocytosis of the cortical granule contents, destroys ZP3 and cross links matrix proteins

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10
Q

ZP3

A

Zona pellucida protein 3, protein recognized by sperm, species specific

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11
Q

Cortical granule

A

Contains enzymes for cross linkages, rests just below plasma membrane, derived from the lysosome

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12
Q

Calcium wave

A

happens when oocyte is penetrated, stimulates meiosis II

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13
Q

Nucleus fusion

A

Oocyte chromosomes decondense and form a pro nucleus, new sperm nucleus forms pro nucleus, nuclei fuse and all chromosomes replicate, end of fertilization

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14
Q

Results of fertilization (3)

A
  • Stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II
  • Restores diploid number
  • Determines the sex
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15
Q

Polyspermy

A

Can cause a trip load zygote, account for 20% of spontaneous abortion, only a few survive to birth, only last a couple days

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16
Q

Blastomeres

A

Early cells after replication, all identical and all replicate together, no bigger because of zona pellucida

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17
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells that will go on to form the placenta (about day 3-4)

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18
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Embryonic stem cells that will form the fetus

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19
Q

Hatching

A

The shedding of the zona pellucida at day 4-5 which permits the embryo to implant

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20
Q

Gastrualtion

A

The three germ layers form

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21
Q

Late blastocyst

A

Forms at day 12-14, about a week after beginning implantation

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22
Q

Implantation completion

A

At about the end of 2 weeks after fertilization, bilaminar embryonic disc forms

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23
Q

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

A

Blastomeres can be removed for PGD, not, take some of the trophoblasts from blastocysts

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24
Q

Timing of formation of blastocyst

A

4-5 days post fertilization

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25
Blastocoel cavity
Where the cells of the blastocyst secrete their fluid to facilitate hatching
26
Inner cell mass
Dense part of the blastocyst, will become the embryo
27
Trophoblast
Outer part, will become the placenta
28
When the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium
About day 6
29
Bilaminar disc
The embryo develops the bilaminar disk at about 8-12 days
30
Epiblast
1/2 of the bilaminar disc, will become the three germ layers
31
Completion of implantation timing
12-14 days
32
Endometrial storma cells
Produce PGE2 which blocks the activation of T-cells and NK cells, producing immunologic immunity
33
Gastrulatuon timing
14-15 days
34
Gasstrulation
The epiblast becomes all three layers, hypoblast delaminates to get out of the way
35
Spontaneous abortion
When the embryo is grossly abnormal, the body just rejects it
36
Spontaneous abortion rate
About 50%
37
Major causes of spontaneous abortion (3)
Chromosomal abnormalities Cleavage problems Progesterone insufficiency
38
Infertility definition
A year of unprotected intercourse at the right time without achieving pregnancy
39
Causes of infertility
~30% male, 30 female 10 both and 25 unexplained
40
Oligomenorrhea
Lack of menstrual period for 3 months
41
Amenorrhea
Complete absence of menstrual periods
42
Causes of ovulation defects (3)
Hypothalamic abnormalities (GnRH) Reduced secretion of FSH and LH -Extreme athletic activity, stress, eating disorders
43
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Irregular ovulation or an ovulation, increased LH levels as compared to FSH levels, most common hormonal disturbance
44
Anatomical abnormalities of the reproductive tract (4)
- Endometriosis - Chronic PID - Tubal obstructions - Uterine abnormalities, usually fibroids
45
Mayer-Rokitansky-Kusher-Hauser syndrome
Congenital uterine development anomalies, complete absence of a uterus
46
Asherman’s syndrome
Excessive scar tissue in the uterus, can be caused after uterine surgeries, D and c, myomectomy etc
47
Excessive scar tissue from STIs
Scar tissue in the vaginal canal/cervix, different from Asherman’s (cannot be treated surgically
48
Azoospermia
No sperm cells
49
Oligospermia
Few sperm cells
50
Causes of low sperm number (6)
``` -Testicular defects Hormonal abnormalities Varicocele Damage to vas deferents Ejaculation disorders Defects in capacitation ```
51
Maternal aging
Over 35 is at risk, after 40 over hal of gametes at aneuploid
52
Treatment for PCOS
Subcutaneous FSH injection
53
Immotile sperm treatment
IVF using ICSI
54
Multiple miscarriages treatment
Progesterone treatment
55
Lack of GnRH production treatment
GnRH therapy
56
Menopause options
Adoption and donor egg IVF only options
57
Fertility unexplained algorithm (<35)
Start with clomiphene treatment with IUI, and go one to try more complex treatments
58
Fertility unexplained algorithm (>35)
Straight to IVF
59
IUI
Intrauterine insemination
60
Clomiphene Citrate
Orally administered hypothalamus estrogen receptor blockage, stimulates pituitary to keep secreting LH and FSH, used to regulate ovulation or induce ovulation
61
HMG
Human menopausal gonadotrophins, given by daily injection, have to monitor by US when to administer, mimics LH surge
62
HCG
Human chorionic ganadotropin, mimics LH surge, used to trigger multiple ovulation
63
ICSI
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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