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Cell Biology > Development II- Lecture 9/21/21 > Flashcards

Development II- Lecture 9/21/21 Flashcards

1
Q

Corpus luteum secretion

A

Secretes progesterone until 20 weeks of gestation

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2
Q

hGH

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin, secreted from the implanted blastocyst, tells corpus luteum to keep secreting progesterone

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3
Q

Sperm transport

A

Swim faster in alkaline environments, varying with pH, moves along by uterine contractions stimulated by PGE2 in semen

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4
Q

Minimum sperm level for fertility

A

About 10 million/mL

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5
Q

Normal sperm concentration

A

100 million/mL of ejaculate, usually about 2-6 mL

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6
Q

Sperm capacitation

A

Takes 6-8 hrs, glycoproteins coat removed from acrosome surface and can swim and fertilize

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7
Q

Acrosome rxn

A

Initiated when bing to ZP3, causes membrane to perforate, releasing enzymes that can break down the matrix

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8
Q

The eureka moment (fusion)

A

Plasma membranes of the oocyte and sperm fuse, official start of fertilization (takes 24 hours), egg completes meiosis II

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9
Q

Cortical reaction

A

Blocks polyspermy, membrane fusion triggers rapid and massive exocytosis of the cortical granule contents, destroys ZP3 and cross links matrix proteins

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10
Q

ZP3

A

Zona pellucida protein 3, protein recognized by sperm, species specific

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11
Q

Cortical granule

A

Contains enzymes for cross linkages, rests just below plasma membrane, derived from the lysosome

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12
Q

Calcium wave

A

happens when oocyte is penetrated, stimulates meiosis II

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13
Q

Nucleus fusion

A

Oocyte chromosomes decondense and form a pro nucleus, new sperm nucleus forms pro nucleus, nuclei fuse and all chromosomes replicate, end of fertilization

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14
Q

Results of fertilization (3)

A
  • Stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II
  • Restores diploid number
  • Determines the sex
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15
Q

Polyspermy

A

Can cause a trip load zygote, account for 20% of spontaneous abortion, only a few survive to birth, only last a couple days

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16
Q

Blastomeres

A

Early cells after replication, all identical and all replicate together, no bigger because of zona pellucida

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17
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells that will go on to form the placenta (about day 3-4)

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18
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Embryonic stem cells that will form the fetus

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19
Q

Hatching

A

The shedding of the zona pellucida at day 4-5 which permits the embryo to implant

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20
Q

Gastrualtion

A

The three germ layers form

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21
Q

Late blastocyst

A

Forms at day 12-14, about a week after beginning implantation

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22
Q

Implantation completion

A

At about the end of 2 weeks after fertilization, bilaminar embryonic disc forms

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23
Q

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

A

Blastomeres can be removed for PGD, not, take some of the trophoblasts from blastocysts

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24
Q

Timing of formation of blastocyst

A

4-5 days post fertilization

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25
Q

Blastocoel cavity

A

Where the cells of the blastocyst secrete their fluid to facilitate hatching

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26
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Dense part of the blastocyst, will become the embryo

27
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outer part, will become the placenta

28
Q

When the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium

A

About day 6

29
Q

Bilaminar disc

A

The embryo develops the bilaminar disk at about 8-12 days

30
Q

Epiblast

A

1/2 of the bilaminar disc, will become the three germ layers

31
Q

Completion of implantation timing

A

12-14 days

32
Q

Endometrial storma cells

A

Produce PGE2 which blocks the activation of T-cells and NK cells, producing immunologic immunity

33
Q

Gastrulatuon timing

A

14-15 days

34
Q

Gasstrulation

A

The epiblast becomes all three layers, hypoblast delaminates to get out of the way

35
Q

Spontaneous abortion

A

When the embryo is grossly abnormal, the body just rejects it

36
Q

Spontaneous abortion rate

A

About 50%

37
Q

Major causes of spontaneous abortion (3)

A

Chromosomal abnormalities
Cleavage problems
Progesterone insufficiency

38
Q

Infertility definition

A

A year of unprotected intercourse at the right time without achieving pregnancy

39
Q

Causes of infertility

A

~30% male, 30 female 10 both and 25 unexplained

40
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

Lack of menstrual period for 3 months

41
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Complete absence of menstrual periods

42
Q

Causes of ovulation defects (3)

A

Hypothalamic abnormalities (GnRH)
Reduced secretion of FSH and LH
-Extreme athletic activity, stress, eating disorders

43
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome

A

Irregular ovulation or an ovulation, increased LH levels as compared to FSH levels, most common hormonal disturbance

44
Q

Anatomical abnormalities of the reproductive tract (4)

A
  • Endometriosis
  • Chronic PID
  • Tubal obstructions
  • Uterine abnormalities, usually fibroids
45
Q

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kusher-Hauser syndrome

A

Congenital uterine development anomalies, complete absence of a uterus

46
Q

Asherman’s syndrome

A

Excessive scar tissue in the uterus, can be caused after uterine surgeries, D and c, myomectomy etc

47
Q

Excessive scar tissue from STIs

A

Scar tissue in the vaginal canal/cervix, different from Asherman’s (cannot be treated surgically

48
Q

Azoospermia

A

No sperm cells

49
Q

Oligospermia

A

Few sperm cells

50
Q

Causes of low sperm number (6)

A 
-Testicular defects
Hormonal abnormalities
Varicocele 
Damage to vas deferents
Ejaculation disorders
Defects in capacitation
51
Q

Maternal aging

A

Over 35 is at risk, after 40 over hal of gametes at aneuploid

52
Q

Treatment for PCOS

A

Subcutaneous FSH injection

53
Q

Immotile sperm treatment

A

IVF using ICSI

54
Q

Multiple miscarriages treatment

A

Progesterone treatment

55
Q

Lack of GnRH production treatment

A

GnRH therapy

56
Q

Menopause options

A

Adoption and donor egg IVF only options

57
Q

Fertility unexplained algorithm (<35)

A

Start with clomiphene treatment with IUI, and go one to try more complex treatments

58
Q

Fertility unexplained algorithm (>35)

A

Straight to IVF

59
Q

IUI

A

Intrauterine insemination

60
Q

Clomiphene Citrate

A

Orally administered hypothalamus estrogen receptor blockage, stimulates pituitary to keep secreting LH and FSH, used to regulate ovulation or induce ovulation

61
Q

HMG

A

Human menopausal gonadotrophins, given by daily injection, have to monitor by US when to administer, mimics LH surge

62
Q

HCG

A

Human chorionic ganadotropin, mimics LH surge, used to trigger multiple ovulation

63
Q

ICSI

A

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Cell Biology (12 decks)

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