Cell cycle regulation

Question 1

what is cell proliferation?

Answer 1

increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and division

Question 2

what triggers cell proliferation?

Answer 2

growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules

Question 3

what are the stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 3

G0
G1
S phase
G2
mitosis

Question 4

G1 has a restriction point that controls when the cell enters S phase.

Cyclin dependant kinases ? and ? activated by ??

Initiates ? of ?

Allows the cells to go into checkpoint before S phase

At the checkpoint ? is replaced by ?

Answer 4

Cdk4
Cdk6
cyclin D
phosphorylation
retinoblastoma Rb protein
cyclin D
cyclin E

Question 5

what cyclin is in S phase?

Answer 5

cyclin E

Question 6

which cyclin is in G2?

Answer 6

cyclin A

Question 7

which cyclin is in mitosis?

Answer 7

Cyclin B

Question 8

Cyclins act in constant with ??? to move through the ?? Sometimes they can be ? or ? which leads to unregulated ??.

Answer 8

cyclin dependant kinases
cell cycle
overexpressed
mutated
cell growth

Question 9

what does the G1 checkpoint to enter S phase check?

Answer 9

Is environmental conditions favourable e.g. has it been given the correct signals to replicate

Question 10

what does the G2 checkpoint to enter Mitosis phase check?

Answer 10

Checks if everything is replicated and if it’s still favourable to replicate e.g. enough proteins and Atp to facilitate the next phase in the cycle

Question 11

what does the metaphase checkpoint check?

Answer 11

Are all chromosomes attached to spindles

Question 12

cell cycle controllers
Cyclin dependant kinases Cdks ? cyclins
Whether a cyclin is phosphorylated or not controls the ? of the Cdk and the cell cycle

Answer 12

phosphorylate
activity

Question 13

what do G1/S cyclins do?

Answer 13

bind at the end of G1 committing the cell to DNA replication

Question 14

what do S cyclins do?

Answer 14

bind during S phase to initiate replication

Question 15

what do M cyclins do?

Answer 15

promote the events of mitosis

Question 16

what do G1 cyclins do?

Answer 16

promote passage through restriction point

Question 17

name 2 cyclin dependant kinase inhibitors

Answer 17

P21
P27

Question 18

what is the cancer genome atlas TCGA research network

Answer 18

sequence loads of genomes of cancer tumours to see if they had common differences (mutations)

Question 19

Cyclin D1 allows entry into the S phase of the cell cycle so if overexpressed what happens?

Answer 19

lots of proliferation

Question 20

name a tumour suppressor gene

Answer 20

P53