Intro to benign and malignant disease

Question 1

what is hypertrophy? is it reversible?

Answer 1

increase in cell size
reversible

Question 2

what is hyperplasia? is it reversible?

Answer 2

increase in cell number
reversible

Question 3

what is atrophy? is it reversible?

Answer 3

reduction in cell size due to loos of cell substance
reversible

Question 4

what is hypoplasia? is it reversible?

Answer 4

Reduced size of an organ that never developed to normal size
Developmental defect

not reversible

Question 5

what is metaplasia? is it reversible?

Answer 5

one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
reversible

Question 6

what causes metaplasia?

Answer 6

adaptive response to stress, reprogramming of stem cells

Question 7

is metaplasia a neoplastic disorder?

Answer 7

not in itself

Question 8

metaplasia can manifest as ? and progress to ?

Answer 8

dysplasia
malignancy

Question 9

what is dysplasia?

Answer 9

abnormal growth
pre-malignant and pre-invasive

Question 10

what is neoplasia?

Answer 10

new growth -> disorder of growth control

Question 11

what causes neoplasia?

Answer 11

change of the normal mechanisms that control cell number -> cell division and apoptosis

Question 12

how are tumours classified?

Answer 12

by behaviour and histogenesis

Question 13

what are the categories of tumour from behaviour?

Answer 13

benign and malignant

Question 14

which one is benign and malignant?
growth pattern
1. Infiltrate locally and metastasise (spread)
2. Localised, encapsulated

Answer 14

1. malignant
2. benign

Question 15

which one is benign and malignant?
growth rate
1. faster
2. slower

Answer 15

1. malignant
2. benign

Question 16

which one is benign and malignant?
clinical effects
1. Local pressure effects, hormone secretions
2. Local pressure and destruction,
Inappropriate hormone secretion,
Distant metastases

Answer 16

1. benign
2. malignant

Question 17

which one is benign and malignant?
treatment
1. Local excision
2. Excision +/- additional therapy e.g. chemo

Answer 17

1. benign
2. malignant

Question 18

which one is benign and malignant?
histology
1. Variable, many differ from tissue of origin
2. Resembles tissue of origin

Answer 18

1. malignant
2. benign

Question 19

which one is benign and malignant?
nuclei
1. Small, regular, uniform
2. Larger pleomorphic (vary in size and shape)

Answer 19

1. benign
2. malignant

Question 20

which one is benign and malignant?
mitoses
1. Increased, often numerous, abnormal forms
2. Few, normal

Answer 20

1. malignant
2. benign

Question 21

tumours are classified by histogenesis, what does this mean?

Answer 21

the cell type they resemble - differentiation

Question 22

learn/recognise
histogenesis classification

Question 23

what is tumour prognosis?

Answer 23

prediction of the probable course and outcome of disease

Question 24

what is tumour prognosis determined by?

Answer 24

tumour:
type
grade
stage

Question 25

how does tumour type help determine prognosis?

Answer 25

Knowing patterns of spread aids diagnosis, staging and treatment

Question 26

what is tumour grade and how does it help determine prognosis?

Answer 26

Histological assessment of how well differentiated the tumour is Well differentiated = better prognosis than poorly differentiated tumours

Question 27

what is tumour stage?

Answer 27

anatomically how advanced it is

Question 28

what is the major determinant for the prognosis and treatment of tumours?

Answer 28

tumour stage

Question 29

what classification is used to determine stage of most cancers?

Answer 29

'TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours'

Question 30

'TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours' what does T mean?

Answer 30

extent of primary tumour

Question 31

'TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours' what does N mean?

Answer 31

absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis (spread of tumour)

Question 32

'TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours' what does M mean?

Answer 32

describes the absence or presence of distant metastasis

Question 33

in 'TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours' each component is given a number what does a higher number mean?

Answer 33

more extensive disease and poorer prognosis