Cell Death

Question 1

Senescence refers to

Answer 1

Cell cycle arrest

Question 2

Senescence is associated with

Answer 2

Lipofuscin

Question 3

Lipofuscin is composed of lipid containing residues originating from

Answer 3

Lysosomal digestion

Question 4

Proliferation is associated with

Answer 4

The cell cycle to maintain a pool of cells

Question 5

Dormancy of a cell refers to when a cell is

Answer 5

Alive but with very little function

Question 6

And example of dormancy is the

Answer 6

Dormant metastatic cells in cancer patients

Question 7

What are the 2 types of cell death

Answer 7

Apoptosis

Necrosis

Question 8

Apoptosis refers to

Answer 8

Programmed cell death

Question 9

Apoptosis is beneficial to the body. T/F

Answer 9

True

Question 10

An example of apoptosis deficiency is ________which is when webbed fingers and toes are formed as a result of the lack of removal supernumerary cells in embryonic development

Answer 10

Syndaktyly

Question 11

Apoptosis has 2 kinds of triggers. What are they?

Answer 11

Internal triggers

External triggers

Question 12

The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis starts in which organelle

Answer 12

Mitochondria

Question 13

The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria is activated by

Answer 13

BCL2 family sensors

Question 14

The formation of BAX and BAK are to

Answer 14

Form channels in the mitochondria so that cytochrome C can leak into the cytosol

Block BCL2 and BCL-XL

Question 15

BAX and BAK are activated by

Answer 15

BAD and PUMA

Question 16

the function of BCL2 and BCL-XL are to

Answer 16

Block BAX and BAK channels

Do not allow the release of cytochrome C

Question 17

The release of cytochrome C initiates the activation of________which then initiates the activation of __________

Answer 17

Caspase 9; caspase 3

Question 18

The functions of caspase 3 are

Answer 18

Activation of CADS

Lysis of nuclear skeleton

Question 19

Cytochrome c is located on the ________of the mitochondria

Answer 19

Inner membrane

Question 20

Cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria through
a channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane known as

Answer 20

Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)

Question 21

In the cytosol, cytochrome c induces formation of a

Answer 21

Apoptosome

Question 22

Apoptosomes activates

Answer 22

Caspase 9

Question 23

The function of CAD’S is to

Answer 23

Condense the chromatin

Question 24

Apoptosis induces the loss of which cytoskeleton component

Answer 24

Actin

Question 25

Apoptotic bodies are cleared by

Answer 25

Macrophages

Question 26

Macrophages recognize apoptotic bodies by_______which is located on the outer surface of the apoptotic body

Answer 26

Phospatidylserine. These are located in the inner membrane of healthy cells

Question 27

Necrosis is the cell death as a result of

Answer 27

Injury

Question 28

The most common mechanism of necrosis is

Answer 28

Hypoxia and Ischemia

Question 29

Hypoxia is the reduction of

Answer 29

O2 availability

Question 30

Hypoxia is cause by _______which is a reduction of blood flow in the tissues

Answer 30

Ischemia

Question 31

Hypoxia leads to a reduction in__________which causes ATP depletion

Answer 31

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 32

ATP depletion causes swelling of the mitochondria because it causes the insufficiency of the________which causes an influx of water

Answer 32

Na pump

Question 33

ATP depletion causes the activation of _______which results in the accumulation of lactic acid

Answer 33

Anaerobic glycolysis

Question 34

What are free radicals

Answer 34

Chemical species with a single unpaired electron

Question 35

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body are

Answer 35

Superoxide radical; hydroxyl radical

Question 36

ROS are produced during

Answer 36

Electron transfer in the respiratory chain

Question 37

ROS indused injury includes

Answer 37

Lipid peroxidation Protein unfolding and misfiling DNA damage

Question 38

Irreversible injury of a cell is caused by the

Answer 38

Rupture of membranes

Question 39

Damage to the mitochondria causes

Answer 39

Swelling Accumulation of small amorphous densities

Question 40

Damage to the endoplasmic reticulum causes

Answer 40

Detached ribosomes

Question 41

Damage to the cytomembrame causes

Answer 41

Blabbing and blunting Loss of microvilli

Question 42

Reversible injury is caused by

Answer 42

Injury of membranes

Question 43

Injury of membranes (reversible) causes

Answer 43

Increased permeability

Question 44

What are the 3 types of nuclear changes

Answer 44

Karyolyisi Pyknosis Karyorrhexis

Question 45

Apoptosis may start with one of the 3; Karyolyisi Pyknosis Karyorrhexis

Answer 45

Pyknosis

Question 46

Pyknosis is defined as

Answer 46

Nuclear shrinkage and clumping of the chromosomes

Question 47

Karyolysis can be decribed as

Answer 47

Nuclear dissolution