cell division🍇

Question 1

why is mitosis important

Answer 1

tissue repair and replacement, growth, asexual reproduction, development

Question 2

what happens in g1

Answer 2

cell grows and prepares for dna replication, synthesis of protein for organelle production, replication of organelles

Question 3

what happens in s

Answer 3

dna is replicated ready for mitosis

Question 4

what happens in g2

Answer 4

cell finishes growing and prepares for cell division

Question 5

how is go entered

Answer 5

through g1 phase

Question 6

what is g0

Answer 6

cell arrest, may be temporary or permanent

Question 7

g1 checkpoint

Answer 7

checks for nutrient, growth factors and dna damage

Question 8

what happens if fail g1

Answer 8

enters g0

Question 9

g2 checkpoint

Answer 9

checks for cell size and dna replication

Question 10

if pass g2 checkpoint

Answer 10

start mitosis

Question 11

what happens if fails g2 checkpoint

Answer 11

repair damaged dna to prevent being transmitted to daughter cells

Question 12

metaphase checkpoint

Answer 12

checks for chromosomes spinal fibres

Question 13

what happens if fails metaphase checkpoint

Answer 13

arrests cell cycle at m phase until all chromosomes area aligned on spindle

Question 14

centromere

Answer 14

renters chromatids

Question 15

are chromatids identical

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

what are homologous chromosomes

Answer 16

same size, genes at same loci (position)

Question 17

how do prokaroytics replicate

Answer 17

binary fision

Question 18

what happens in prophase

Answer 18

chromatin coils and condenses to form chromosomes, nucleolus disappeared and nuclear membrane breaks down, microtubules form spindle fibre shaped structures

Question 19

what happens in metaphase

Answer 19

chromosomes Allin at equator,spondle fibres attached to centromere

Question 20

what happens in anaphase

Answer 20

chromatids separate, shingle fibres contract pulling chromatids (centromere first) to opposite pole of cell

Question 21

what happens in telophase

Answer 21

chromatids assemble at opposite sides of poles on spindle fibres and detach from spindle fibres, chromosomes uncoil and decondense to chromatids, neuclear membrane reforms at each poles

Question 22

cytokinesis in animal cells

Answer 22

cell surface membrane pulled inwards by cytoskeleton until close enough to fuse around middle forming 2 cells

Question 23

cytokinesis in plant cells

Answer 23

vesicles from Golgi begin to assemble in same place metaphase plate formed, vesicles fuse with each other and cell surface membrane divide in 2, new cell wall forms along new section of membranes

Question 24

meristem

Answer 24

where plant growth occurs

Question 25

mitosis vs meiosis daughter cells

Answer 25

mitosis 2 meiosis 4

Question 26

is mitosis hap or dip

Answer 26

diploid

Question 27

is meiosis hap or dip

Answer 27

haploid

Question 28

mitosis vs meiosis gamete or somatic (body) cell

Answer 28

mitosis somatic, meiosis gamete

Question 29

why is meiosis important

Answer 29

production of gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 30

what does meiosis go from

Answer 30

diploid to haploid

Question 31

prophase 1

Answer 31

chromosomes form, homologous chromosomes are very close togheter so the crossing over of non sister chromatids occurs creating new gene combinations

Question 32

bivalent

Answer 32

pair of homologous chromosomes

Question 33

synapsis

Answer 33

homologous chromosomes pair up to form a bivalent

Question 34

chiasmata

Answer 34

where homologous chromosomes are held togheter

Question 35

metaphase 1

Answer 35

bivalents line up along equator of the spindle, with spindle fibres attached to centromeres, the maternal and paternal chromosomes in each pair position themselves independently of the others which is independent assortment

Question 36

anaphase 1

Answer 36

mictotubles pull whole chromosome to opposite end of spindle

Question 37

telophase 1

Answer 37

nuclear envelope reforms around two groups of chromosomes

Question 38

prophase 2

Answer 38

chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, no crossing over

Question 39

what is a stem cell

Answer 39

an unspecialised cell that is capable of division of differentiation to become other cell types

Question 40

what happens if cell cycle to slow

Answer 40

ageing

Question 41

what happens if cell cycle to fast

Answer 41

tumors

Question 42

self renewal

Answer 42

continuosly divide and replicate, important to maintain stem cell pool

Question 43

why is cell differential important

Answer 43

replaces dead or damaged cells

Question 44

potency

Answer 44

have capacity to differentiate into specialised cell types

Question 45

what qualities are import in unspecialised cells

Answer 45

self renewal and potency

Question 46

totipotent

Answer 46

differentiate into any cell type, source is fertilised egg or zygote

Question 47

pluripotent

Answer 47

they can different into all tissue types but not whole organism, present in early embryos

Question 48

multipotent

Answer 48

forma range of cells within tissue, found in many places bone marrow adipose tissue, cord blood