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transport in animals 🛵 Flashcards

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1
Q

why are transport systems needed in multicellular organisms

A

higher metabolic demand, SA:V ratio insufficient as organism increases in size, transporting molecules made in one region required elsewhere

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2
Q

what makes up a a mass transport system

A

a pump, a circulatory medium and vessel the carry the medium

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3
Q

what does an open circulatory system consist of

A

a heart which pumps haemolymph through short vessels and freely into hemocoel, very few vessels

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4
Q

ostium

A

a small opening or orifice

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5
Q

hemolymph

A

a circulating fluid in the bodies of some invertebrates that is the equivalent of blood

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6
Q

hemocoel

A

the system of cavities between the organs of arthropods and molluscs through which the blood circulates

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7
Q

what is carried in haemolymph

A

food and nitrogenous waste

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8
Q

what is not carried in haemolymph

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide as gas exchange occurs in tracheal system

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9
Q

what can take place in arthropods and why

A

diffusion, as fluid comes into direct contact with cells bathing them allowing diffusion to occur before returning the heart

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10
Q

what happened when heart relaxes in arthropods

A

haemolymph is sucked back in via pores called Ostium

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11
Q

what are the components of a closed circulatory system

A

blood enclosed in vessels no direct contact to cells, blood pumped by heart under pressure into vessels

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12
Q

how do substances diffuse get to cells

A

through walls of blood vessels

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13
Q

how is blood flow in vessels adjusted

A

widening or narrowing of vessels

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14
Q

what is a single circulatory system

A

one circuit from heart, heart has 2 chambers, passes through 2 sets od capillary’s

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of capillary in single system

A

gill capillaries, systemic capillaries

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16
Q

why is low pressure need in single system

A

capillaries would be damaged

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17
Q

why is activity levels of of single system organisms low with the exception of fish why

A

water supports weight, counter current system

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18
Q

fish circulatory system components

A

single circuit for blood,2 chambered heart (1 A, 1 V)

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19
Q

what is gill circulation

A

atrium collects blood from body, ventricle pumps blood to gills for gas exchange, so blood reoxygenated

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20
Q

what is systematic circulation

A

blood continues through rest of body (from gills) then arrives back at atrium

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21
Q

features of double circulatory system

A

2 circuits - pulmonary (lungs to heart) and systemic (rest of body and organs)

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22
Q

benefits of double closed circulatory system

A

keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate (steeper diffusion gradient), have different pressures

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23
Q

components of amphibian circulatory system

A

3 chambered heart, 2 atria 1 ventricle, double circulatory

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24
Q

what happens to blood in amphibian heart

A

some mixing of blood in ventricle reducing efficiency of oxygenated

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25
heart of mammals and bird
4 chambers oxgenated and deoxygenated blood seperating impoving effenciency
26
advantages of single CS
less complex
27
advantages of double CS
carry blood at different pressures
28
disadvantages of single CS
low blood pressure, activity of animal tends to be low
29
disadvantages of double CS
complexity of develpment
30
elastic fibers role in blood vessels
strech and recoil, made of elastin, provides flexability
31
smooth muscle role in blood vessels
contract and relax, changes size of lumen
32
collagen role in blood vessel
structural support, maintains shape and volume
33
role of narrow lumen in arteries
less space, smaller volume so high pressure
34
role of thick wall in arteries
outer wall containing collagen, to withstand high pressure, preventing artery from ruptering
35
role of inner layre (whats its made of?)
muscle and elastic fibers, it maintains pulse flow (contract, relax, streach and recoil) controlling diameter
36
how does a arteriole differ from artery
they have little pulse surges, but can constrict and dilute to move blood flow
37
role of narrow diameter in capillaries
reduces blood flow to allow time for gas exchange
38
role of thin walls in capillaries
ensures maximum rate of transfer between blood and surrounding tissue fluid (short diffusion pathways)
39
role of leaky walls in capillaries
allows plasma and dissolved substances to leave the blood
40
role of wide lumen in veins
increases flow of blood, more effective return
41
role of a thin wall (and what it contains)
less muscle and elastic fibres, lots of collagen, to carry blood at a very low pressure
42
role of values in veins
prevent backflow and pooling at lower extremities
43
how do venues differ from veins
they have no elastic fibres or smooth muscle and several venues will slit from one vein
44
why/when can blood flow be difficult in veins
low pressure when blood moving again gravity
45
what helps vein circulation
values to stop back flow, and muscle contractions which squeeze vein causing blood to flow (periodic contractions)
46
what aids moment of blood (chest)
breathing
47
varicose values
when vein wall becomes weakened, values no longer close properly, allowing back flow , so vein becomes inlarged
48
plasma and what it contains
transport medium carry large plasma proteins containing albumin which helps maintain osmotic potential, fibrinogen (blood clotting), globulin (transport and immune system)
49
red blood cells (erythrocytes )
transporting oxygen as bound to haemoglobin
50
Buffy coat
contains white blood cells and platelets
51
interstitial fluid (what/formed)
fluid in spaces around cells, formed from substances which leak out of capillaries via fenestrations
52
what does interstitial fluid help with
brings oxygen and nutrient to cells and helps to remove waste products from them
53
why is left side of heart thicker than right
has to pump blood round whole body, so requires more force to pump blood to all extremities
54
pericardium (what)
inelastic double walled sac containing the heart
55
role of pericardium
shields heart and protects from infection, creates closed chamber prevents from over distending
56
what does myogenic mean
has own innate beat, so brain doesn't need to tell cardiac muscle cells to beat
57
what does cardiac muscle have more of
mitochondria, as more reliant on aerobic respiration
58
why is it important that heart muscle doesn't become fatigued
to allow for long continuous life long contractions
59
what stops valves inverting
chordea tendineas which are attached to the heart strings
60
what causes values to close
increases in pressure
61
systole
contract
62
diastole
relax
63
SAN
send out wave of electrical activity via gap junctions, atrial wall contracts (atrial systole) blood forced into ventricle
64
AVN
avn triggered by signals from san, signals send down bundle of his which triggers purkyre fibres in ventricle walls they contract forcing blood into arteries
65
why is there delay at AVN
to let atria empty
66
what/ why is refractory period
allows heart passively refill with blood between beats
67
what is a p wave
depolarisation of the atria in response to signalling from the san (atrial contraction)
68
qrs complex
depolarisation of the ventricles (ventricle contracts) triggered by signals from avn
69
t wave
replication of the ventricles (ventricle relaxation) and the completion of a heart beat
70
effect of plasma proteins on solute potential
give blood a high solute potential lowering w.p compared to surrounding fluid, so water has to move into blood
71
how is tissue fluid formed
atrial blood at high pressure creating hydrostatic pressure, which is greater than oncontic pressure, tissue fluid forms as capillary walls leaky due to pores letting plasma in, red blood cells to big to pass through
72
tissue fluid drainage
at venous end of capillary hydrostatic pressure lower compared to oncontic pressure, fluid returns to capillaries via pores, remaining fluid enter lymph vessels and returned to circulatory system
73
does tissue fluid have plasma protein
no
74
what is lymphatic system
secondary transport system that protects and maintains body by producing and filtering lymph
75
where does lymph come from
when tissue fluid does not return to capillaries
76
what is lymph
clear fluid containing white blood cells
77
how is lymph moved
by muscle contractions and valves preventing back flow
78
how does haemoglobin aid oxygen carrying
8 oxygen can bind to form oxynaemgolbin
79
what does haemoglobin and oxygen have
positive cooperatively, as conformation of o and hg makes subsequent binding easier
80
what does postivite cooperatively mean for blood
rapid loading so haemoglobin has higher affinity for o2
81
what is aldut oxygen dislocation curve
sigmoidal
82
how does Aleut and fetal heamgolbin differ
fetus has get get haemoglobin from maternal heamgolbin, so foetus has high affinity to load o2 from. other
83
how does affinity of myoglobin differ to haemoglobin
made of single polypeptide with 1 team group not capable of cooperative bonding
84
gas exchange of co2 at respiring tissues
co2 enters red bc combines with water forming carbonic acid which dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
85
what is chloride shift
bicarbonate pumper out of cell in exchange with chloride ions so red bc remain unchanged, bicarbonate combines with sodium to form sodium bicarbonate which travels to lungs
86
how do hydrogen ions effect enviroment
make environment less alkaline so nheamoglobin releases more o2, haemoglobin absorbs h ion and acts as buffer to maintain ph
87
what is the Bohr effect
at lower ph haemoglobin gives up o2 more easily
88
Bohr effect on active tissues
higher particle pressure and lower ph so o2 given up more readily
89
bohr effect at lungs
lower partital pressure of co2, o2 binds more easily

Biology (14 decks)

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