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transport in plants Flashcards

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1
Q

dicotyledonous plants

A

produce 2 seed leaves

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2
Q

why do plants need water

A

photosynthesis , turgidity, transport median

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3
Q

how do plants transport up stem

A

xylem, transpiration stream (cohension)

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4
Q

what substances do plants need

A

co2, mineral ions, nitrates, phospate, pottasium ions sulfate ions

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5
Q

metabolic demand on transport systems

A

high so multicellular

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6
Q

size on transport system

A

small so multicellular

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7
Q

SA:V ratio on transport systems

A

small overcome by leaves and root hair cells

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8
Q

why do plants need transport systems

A

not enough SA:V to take in what need, so specialised system to transport water and nutrient to cells

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9
Q

what materials are exchanged and transported

A

carbon dioxide, o2, water, organic nutrient , inorganic ions

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10
Q

which system in passive

A

transpiration

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11
Q

which system moves molecules both ways

A

translocation

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12
Q

What is the vascular bundle made up of

A

Xylem and phloem tissue

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13
Q

What does the vascular bundle in toots provide

A

A drill like structure which enables the plant to push down into root

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14
Q

Which tissue is in the middle of vascular bundle in roots

A

Xylem as strongest (ligin) X structure

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15
Q

Where is xylem in vascular bundle in leaf

A

Top of phloem (only in dicotyledonous plants)

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16
Q

Where is xylem in stem vascular bundle

A

On the inside to provide additional support to stem

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17
Q

What does the cambium contain

A

Meristem cells

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18
Q

If w.p in cell what happens

A

Water moves in by osmosis ( down w.p gradient)

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19
Q

What is a plasmolysed cell

A

Plasma membrane pulled away from cell wall shrinking cell

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20
Q

When do cells become plasmolysed

A

In low external water potential

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21
Q

Why does osmosis occur in root hair cells

A

Higher concentration of solutes in the plant than in soil

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22
Q

Where do all water movement pathways led to

A

Xylem

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23
Q

Symplast pathway

A

Movement of water through living spaces in cytoplasm changing cells between plasmodesmata. Water draw up plant as each on has lower w.p

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24
Q

Whats a plasmodesmata

A

Connection between two cells

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25
Vacuolar pathway
Water moves through vacuole of each cell ( as well as cytoplasm)
26
With water pathway is the slowest
Vacuolar
27
Apoplast pathway
Through cell wall and intracellular spaces cohesion and tension forces pull water up plant
28
Which is the quickest movement of water
Apoplast pathway
29
what is the casparian strip
impermeable layre of Suberin, which forces the apoplast pathway into symplast pathway
30
where is the casparian strip located
before the entrance of the xylem
31
what are the 3 processes which pull water up the xylem
root pressure, transpiration pull, capillary action
32
what is transpiration pull
cohesion tension theory
33
how does cyanide provide evidence for active transport in root pressure
it stops mitrochondria from working so root pressure decreases
34
how does affect of tempeture provide evidence for active transport in root pressure
root pressure increases as temp increases , suggesting enzyme controlled reaction
35
how does reactant availability provide evidence for active transport in root pressure
if oxygen levels decrease or respiratory substrate levels drop root pressure decreases
36
how does guttation provide evidence for active transport in root pressure
sap and water will move out from cut stems suggesting they are actively pumped out not drawn up by transpiration
37
what is transpiration
the movement and inevitable loss of water from plants
38
what pulls water up the plant - cohesion tension theory
water evaporated from leaves decreases w.p in air space in mesophyll. water then moves into this space from adjancance cells. water moves out of xylem into cells in leaves. cohesion in water less to capillary action.
39
evidence for cohesion tension theory - changes in tree diameter
high transpiration rates during the day diameter decreases due to tension. at night diameter increases due to low transpiration rates
40
evidence for cohesion tension theory - cut flowers
they draw in air rather than leaking water out as water contiues to move up stem
41
evidence for cohesion tension theory - broken xylems
broken / cut xylems stop drawing up water as air draw in blocks transpiration stream
42
root pressure
the active pumping of minerals into xylem by root cells that produces a movement of water in xylems by osmosis
43
why does the stomata open
water moves into the vacuoles by osmosis the outer wall is more flexible so cells bends back opening stomata
44
why does the stomata close
water moves out of vacuoles by osmosis outer wall is more flexible than inner wall so cell bends back and closes stomata
45
abiotic factors effecting transpiration rates (4)
light intensity, relative humidity. tempeture, air movement
46
biotic factors effecting transpiration rates
stomata: pore size, frequency, distribution. cuticle, ability to absorb water
47
what does a potometer measure
transpiration by measureing uptake of plant
48
what is translocation
transporting organic compounds in pholem from source to sink
49
what are assimilates
products of photosynthesis which are transported
50
what are sources
provide assimulates to the plant for reactions or storage of transport
51
examples of sources
green leaves and stems storage organs (e,g. tuber and root taps) food stores in seeds
52
what are sinks
use assimilates from the plant in various processes
53
examples of sinks
growing roots, active processes in roots and stem, meristem cell activity,
54
what is pholem loading
assimulates are moved into pholem by active processes. two routes: - symplast, apoplast
55
what is the symplast route
assimilates are moved through the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells into sieve tubes across plasmodesmata, they are moved due to changes in water potential
56
what is the apoplast pathway
assimilates diffuse through cell wall and intermembrane spaces. when they reach companion cells they are actively transported across membrane into sieve cells. hydrogen ions act as cotransporters.
57
evidence for translocation - microscopes
advances in microscopes have allowed to see adaptations of companion cells for active transport
58
evidence for translocation - mitrochondria
if mitrochondria of companion cells are poisoned then translocation stops
59
evidence for translocation - sugar flow
the flow of sugars in pholem is about 1000x quicker than diffision alone suggesting its an active process
60
what is a xerophyte
A xerophyte is a plant which has adapted to survive in an environment with little liquid water
61
What is a hydrophyte
A plant which grows only on or in water
62
adapations of xerophyte
thick waxy cuticle, Hairy leaves – create micro climate of warm humid air, reducing water vapor potential gradient leaf loss- some plants lose leaves if water not available
63
adaptaions of hydrophytes
no waxy cuticle – as they do not need to conserve water Wide, flat leaves - spread across surfaces to allow more like to be caught Air sacs – allow leaves to float to surface
64
what is phloem unloading
sucrose unloaded from pholem at any point which needs it, the loss of solutes increases w.p of pholem

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