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Pharmacology > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

When cells are presented with injury what are the three responses to the injury?

A
  1. They could withstand and return to normal
    • Reversible
  2. They adapt
    • Generally reversible
  3. They die
    • irreversible
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2
Q

What is an example of reversible

A

Hydropic

Celluar Accumulation

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3
Q

What are some examples of generally reversible injuries?

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
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4
Q

What are examples of irreversible injury?

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

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5
Q

Describe what is hydropic?

A

Accumulation of water

- results from malfunctions of Na-K pumps
- Na ions diffuse into the cell
- Water follows the sodium ions into the cell 
- Causes swelling in cells of particular organ with cause of megaly 
- Hypoxia
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6
Q

What is megaly?

A

Increase of water which will result in an increase size and weight

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7
Q

What happens in a reversible hydropic injury when the stressful process stops?

A

The water goes away and cells return to normal.

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8
Q

What are examples of cellular (intra) accumulation?

A
  1. Excessive amounts of normal intracellular substance
  2. Accumulation of abnormal substances produced by cell
  3. Accumulation of pigments and particles that cell is unable to degrade
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9
Q

Give examples of accumulation of normal intracellular substances?

A 
Lipids 
Water 
Carbohydrates
Glycogen
Fatty deposits in liver from chronic smoking
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10
Q

Give examples of accumulation of abnormal substances produced by the cell?

A

Endogenous or exogenous

Inability to process glucose we see in diabetes.

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11
Q

Give examples of accumulation of pigments and particles that cell is unable to degrade?

A

Bilirubin

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12
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Infants born with immature liver, they have a lot of RBC that they need to process, as a result of immature liver, they can’t process all of the RBC in an effective. We will see an increase of bilirubin…. Result in Jaundice

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of cellular adaptations

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
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14
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated function

Cells are minimizes injury nutrients to adapt and survive.

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15
Q

What are the causes of atrophy?

A

Dehydration
Immobilization
Lack of nutrition
Ischemia

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16
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in the size of cells in response to mechanical stimuli

If you are bigger, you can withstand injury or stress

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17
Q

What are examples of hypertrophy

A

THINK OF WEIGHTLIFTING

Cardiac muscle

Uterus

Breast

Skeletal muscle

18
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Is an increase in the number of cells mitotic division

19
Q

What are examples of hyperplasia?

A

Increase size of breast due to pregnancy

Thickness of endometrium due to period

Liver

Benign prostatic

20
Q

Which types have the potential to be related to cancerous cells?

A

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

21
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

General reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another or change in type

22
Q

Name an example of metaplasia

A 
Smokers
Cervical tissues (HPV)

The beginning cancer starts eventually leading to dysplasia

23
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Abnormal appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape and arrangement

24
Q

Name an example of dysplasia

A

Started off as metaplasia, didn’t decrease the stress, didn’t do anything so it ended up going to dysplasia

Significant probability of developing cancer.

25
Q

What are the two main types of cell death

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

26
Q

What are the differences of the irreversible cell injuries?

A

Necrosis
*caused from an accidental toxic injury or ischemia that can’t be recovered

*There is a rapid breakdown of plasma membrane will cause

*Cells rupture and spill their contents. If cells rupture and spill their contents, inflammation will occur
-Will see WBC, fever, lack of appetite
-We will start to collect labs, tells us there is a
necrosis happening somewhere in the body

Apoptosis
*Cell suicide or cell murder

  • The contents are not spill, cell membrane stays intact, they bleb off and become bodies that other cells phagocytose
  • We will not see inflammation or no damage
  • A normal process of every cell. Clean version of cell death. Self regulation
* Apoptosis occurs in heart failure and dementia 
* 80 of damage are due to apoptosis
27
Q

What are the similiarities of the irreversible cell injuries?

A

They are both irreversible

They cause cell death

28
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Is the most common cause of cellular Injury

Poor oxygenation results in cells lacking oxygen

bodies can adapt to hypoxia

29
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Interruption of blood flow

Worse than hypoxia

Irreversible

30
Q

What is the mechanism of cellular damage associated with hypoxia and ischemia

A

When cells don’t have oxygen
1). They can’t produce ATP anymore. We need ATP production in cell.

  2) . ATP dependent pumps fail
  3) . Sodium accumulates and brings water inside cell. 
  4) . Excess Ca interferes with mitochondria
  5) . Glycogen stores are depleted
  6) . Lactate is produced, you get cramping’s
  7) . Eventually, pH falls and cellular components will be  dysfunctional.
31
Q

What ways can cellular damage occur with restoration of blood flood and oxygen?

A

Calcium overload

Formation of reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals)

Inflammation

Complement activation

32
Q

What happens during calcium overload?

A

Increase calcium influx results in an increase mitochondrial permeability leading to depletion of ATP

Trigger apoptosis

33
Q

What is reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals)

A

They have an unpair electron that makes the molecule unstable. They steal electrons from other molecules.

Is an underlying issue for a lot of disease related process

34
Q

What ways can cellular damage occur when blood flow is restored?

A

Depending on what molecules, they can pick up electrons from key cells
•cell membrane (you damage integrity of membrane)
•protein
•cell chromosomes (will be disrupted).

35
Q

What is reperfusion injury.

A

Restoration of oxygen can cause additional injury

36
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

a toxin that is present inside bacteria

Composed of lipids and sugar

The endotoxin is released once the bacteria dies

37
Q

What are exotoxins

A

Toxins, often proteins in nature, secreted from a living bacterium

Released upon bacterial lysis.

38
Q

Name examples of physical and mechanical cellular injuries?

A

Temperature extremes

     - Heat stroke
     - Cold frostbite

Abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure

Abrasion to trauma

Electrical
-Burns

Radiation
-Protect self from sun

Can cause direct damage to body
Can cause indirect damage due to free radicals

39
Q

What are examples of chemical causes of cellular injuries?

A

Free radicals

Heavy metals
-In the pediatric population, we will talk about lead

Toxic gases

- The community health 
- Ozone
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
40
Q

What are examples of nutritional causes of cellular injuries?

A

Deficiencies

 - Iron
 - Malabsorption

Excess
-Obesity

41
Q

What are examples of immunologic and infectious of cellular injuries?

A

Bacteria

 - Endotoxins
- Exotoxins

Virus
-Incorporate in the nucleus of the cell

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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