Cell Injury

Question 1

When cells are presented with injury what are the three responses to the injury?

Answer 1

1. They could withstand and return to normal
   
   • Reversible
2. They adapt
   
   • Generally reversible
3. They die
   
   • irreversible

Question 2

What is an example of reversible

Answer 2

Hydropic

Celluar Accumulation

Question 3

What are some examples of generally reversible injuries?

Answer 3

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

Question 4

What are examples of irreversible injury?

Answer 4

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Question 5

Describe what is hydropic?

Answer 5

Accumulation of water

- results from malfunctions of Na-K pumps
- Na ions diffuse into the cell
- Water follows the sodium ions into the cell 
- Causes swelling in cells of particular organ with cause of megaly 
- Hypoxia

Question 6

What is megaly?

Answer 6

Increase of water which will result in an increase size and weight

Question 7

What happens in a reversible hydropic injury when the stressful process stops?

Answer 7

The water goes away and cells return to normal.

Question 8

What are examples of cellular (intra) accumulation?

Answer 8

1. Excessive amounts of normal intracellular substance
2. Accumulation of abnormal substances produced by cell
3. Accumulation of pigments and particles that cell is unable to degrade

Question 9

Give examples of accumulation of normal intracellular substances?

Answer 9

Lipids 
Water 
Carbohydrates
Glycogen
Fatty deposits in liver from chronic smoking

Question 10

Give examples of accumulation of abnormal substances produced by the cell?

Answer 10

Endogenous or exogenous

Inability to process glucose we see in diabetes.

Question 11

Give examples of accumulation of pigments and particles that cell is unable to degrade?

Answer 11

Bilirubin

Question 12

What is bilirubin?

Answer 12

Infants born with immature liver, they have a lot of RBC that they need to process, as a result of immature liver, they can’t process all of the RBC in an effective. We will see an increase of bilirubin…. Result in Jaundice

Question 13

What are the 5 types of cellular adaptations

Answer 13

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

Question 14

What is atrophy?

Answer 14

Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated function

Cells are minimizes injury nutrients to adapt and survive.

Question 15

What are the causes of atrophy?

Answer 15

Dehydration
Immobilization
Lack of nutrition
Ischemia

Question 16

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 16

An increase in the size of cells in response to mechanical stimuli

If you are bigger, you can withstand injury or stress

Question 17

What are examples of hypertrophy

Answer 17

THINK OF WEIGHTLIFTING

Cardiac muscle

Uterus

Breast

Skeletal muscle

Question 18

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 18

Is an increase in the number of cells mitotic division

Question 19

What are examples of hyperplasia?

Answer 19

Increase size of breast due to pregnancy

Thickness of endometrium due to period

Liver

Benign prostatic

Question 20

Which types have the potential to be related to cancerous cells?

Answer 20

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

Question 21

What is metaplasia?

Answer 21

General reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another or change in type

Question 22

Name an example of metaplasia

Answer 22

Smokers
Cervical tissues (HPV)

The beginning cancer starts eventually leading to dysplasia

Question 23

What is dysplasia

Answer 23

Abnormal appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape and arrangement

Question 24

Name an example of dysplasia

Answer 24

Started off as metaplasia, didn’t decrease the stress, didn’t do anything so it ended up going to dysplasia

Significant probability of developing cancer.

Question 25

What are the two main types of cell death

Answer 25

Necrosis | Apoptosis

Question 26

What are the differences of the irreversible cell injuries?

Answer 26

Necrosis *caused from an accidental toxic injury or ischemia that can’t be recovered *There is a rapid breakdown of plasma membrane will cause *Cells rupture and spill their contents. If cells rupture and spill their contents, inflammation will occur -Will see WBC, fever, lack of appetite -We will start to collect labs, tells us there is a necrosis happening somewhere in the body Apoptosis *Cell suicide or cell murder * The contents are not spill, cell membrane stays intact, they bleb off and become bodies that other cells phagocytose * We will not see inflammation or no damage * A normal process of every cell. Clean version of cell death. Self regulation * Apoptosis occurs in heart failure and dementia * 80 of damage are due to apoptosis

Question 27

What are the similiarities of the irreversible cell injuries?

Answer 27

They are both irreversible | They cause cell death

Question 28

What is hypoxia

Answer 28

Is the most common cause of cellular Injury Poor oxygenation results in cells lacking oxygen bodies can adapt to hypoxia

Question 29

What is ischemia?

Answer 29

Interruption of blood flow Worse than hypoxia Irreversible

Question 30

What is the mechanism of cellular damage associated with hypoxia and ischemia

Answer 30

When cells don’t have oxygen 1). They can’t produce ATP anymore. We need ATP production in cell. 2) . ATP dependent pumps fail 3) . Sodium accumulates and brings water inside cell. 4) . Excess Ca interferes with mitochondria 5) . Glycogen stores are depleted 6) . Lactate is produced, you get cramping’s 7) . Eventually, pH falls and cellular components will be dysfunctional.

Question 31

What ways can cellular damage occur with restoration of blood flood and oxygen?

Answer 31

Calcium overload Formation of reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals) Inflammation Complement activation

Question 32

What happens during calcium overload?

Answer 32

Increase calcium influx results in an increase mitochondrial permeability leading to depletion of ATP Trigger apoptosis

Question 33

What is reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals)

Answer 33

They have an unpair electron that makes the molecule unstable. They steal electrons from other molecules. Is an underlying issue for a lot of disease related process

Question 34

What ways can cellular damage occur when blood flow is restored?

Answer 34

Depending on what molecules, they can pick up electrons from key cells •cell membrane (you damage integrity of membrane) •protein •cell chromosomes (will be disrupted).

Question 35

What is reperfusion injury.

Answer 35

Restoration of oxygen can cause additional injury

Question 36

What are endotoxins?

Answer 36

a toxin that is present inside bacteria Composed of lipids and sugar The endotoxin is released once the bacteria dies

Question 37

What are exotoxins

Answer 37

Toxins, often proteins in nature, secreted from a living bacterium Released upon bacterial lysis.

Question 38

Name examples of physical and mechanical cellular injuries?

Answer 38

Temperature extremes - Heat stroke - Cold frostbite Abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure Abrasion to trauma Electrical -Burns Radiation -Protect self from sun Can cause direct damage to body Can cause indirect damage due to free radicals

Question 39

What are examples of chemical causes of cellular injuries?

Answer 39

Free radicals Heavy metals -In the pediatric population, we will talk about lead Toxic gases - The community health - Ozone - Carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 40

What are examples of nutritional causes of cellular injuries?

Answer 40

Deficiencies - Iron - Malabsorption Excess -Obesity

Question 41

What are examples of immunologic and infectious of cellular injuries?

Answer 41

Bacteria - Endotoxins - Exotoxins Virus -Incorporate in the nucleus of the cell