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Patholoy > cell injury II > Flashcards

cell injury II Flashcards

exam 1

1
Q

accidental cell death

A

necrosis

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2
Q

cause of necrosis

A

irreversible cell injury

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3
Q

most common form of necrosis

A

coagulative

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4
Q

necrosis: 2 concurrent processes

A
  1. enzymatic digestion

2. denaturation of proteins

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5
Q

cell death characterized by cell and organelle swelling ATP depletion, increased plasma membrane permeability, release of macromolecules, autolysis and inflammation

A

necrosis

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6
Q

underlying tissue architecture is preserved for a period of time

A

coagulative necrosis

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7
Q

ghost town

A

coagulative necrosis

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8
Q

coagulative necrosis commonly seen in tissues subjected to prolonged ischemia

A

cardiac muscle

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9
Q

cheese-like

A

caseous necrosis

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10
Q

caseous necrosis seen in

A

TB infection

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11
Q

collection of fragmented or lysed cells with an amorphous granular pink material

A

caseous necrosis

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12
Q

consists of a amorphous, pink center, surrounded by macrophages, multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes

A

TB granuloma

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13
Q

dead cells are completely digested and the tissue is turned into a viscous liquid which is eventually removed by phagocytes

A

liquefactive necrosis

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14
Q

liquefactive necrosis found in

A

focal bacterial, fungal infections

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15
Q

Liquefactive necrosis, also seen in ______ in the central nervous system

A

hypoxic cell

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16
Q

pus

A

liquefactive necrosis

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17
Q

In fat necrosis, released fatty acids combine with calcium to produce grossly visible chalky white ares _______

A

fat saponification

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18
Q

foci of necrosis with shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells surrounded by basophilic calcium deposits and an inflammatory reaction

A

fat necrosis

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19
Q

focal areas of fat destruction

A

fat necrosis

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20
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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21
Q

occurs in the pancreas

A

fat necrosis

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22
Q

an energy-dependent process involving activation of a coordinated, internally programmed series of events effected by a dedicated set of gene products

A

apoptosis

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23
Q

cell swelling

A

necrosis

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24
Q

cell shrinkage

A

apoptosis

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25
Q

DNA ladder

A

apoptosis

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26
Q

Eat me signal

A

when the PS is exposed on the cell surface

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27
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

mitochondria

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28
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

death receptor

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29
Q

abnormal metabolism leads to

A

intracellular accumulation

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30
Q

accumulation of excessive amount by normal proteins

A

russell bodies in plasma cells

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31
Q

defects in intracellular transport and secretion

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

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32
Q

accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins

A

alzheimers disease

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33
Q

accumulation of abnormal proteins

A

amyloidosis

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34
Q

what type of protein issues can lead to intraccelular accumulation?

A

defects in

  1. syntheis
  2. folding
  3. transport
  4. secretion
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35
Q

mallory bodies

A

alcoholic hyaline

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36
Q

neufribrillary tangles

A

Tau- intracellular accumulation

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37
Q

B-amyloid

A

extracellular accumulation

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38
Q

lysosomal storage diseases can also lead to intracellular accumulation

A

lack of enzyme

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39
Q

deficiency in glucocerebrosidase leading to accumulation of glucosylceramide in cells

A

Gaucher disease

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40
Q

ingestion of indigestible materials leads to intracellular accumulation of

A

exogenous materials

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41
Q

pigment, endogenous

A

hemosiderin

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42
Q

hemoglobin-derived, golden yellow-to-brown, granular or crystalline pigment

A

hemosiderin

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43
Q

hemosiderin is on the major storage forms of

A

iron

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44
Q

______ forms hemosiderin granules when there is a local or systemic excess of iron

A

ferritin

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45
Q

calcium metabolism is normal and serum level of calcium is normal

A

dystrophic calcification

46
Q

dystrophic calcification can be found in

A

dying tissue like atheromas

47
Q

dystrophic calcification macroscopic

A

fine, white granules

48
Q

dystrophic calcification microscopic

A

basophilic/dark purple amorphous granules

49
Q

Dystrophic calcification can lead to

A

organ dysfunction

50
Q

calcium metabolism is abnormal and serum calcium is high (hypercalcemia)

A

metastatic calcifiction

51
Q

metastatic calcification may occur in _______ and generally does not cause clinical dysfunctions

A

normal tissues

52
Q

principal causes of metastatic calcification

A

hyperparathyroidism, destruction of bone tissue, Vit. D related disorders

53
Q

homogeneous, glassy, pink appearance

A

hyaline change

54
Q

intracellular hyaline change

A

russell bodies, alcoholic hyaline

55
Q

Extracellular hyaline change

A

hyalinized walls of arterioles

56
Q

the shorter the wavelength the higher the

A

frequency

57
Q

the shorter the frequency, the _______ of the photon energy

A

greater

58
Q

the shorter the wavelength, the ______ the ability to produce biological effects

A

greater

59
Q

the difference between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation is the

A

individual packet of energy not the total energy involved

60
Q

UV, when absorbed, can result in excitation of molecules and dimer formation

A

non-ionizing radiation

61
Q

size of photon energy large enough to eject one or more orbital electrons .

break the bond

A

ionizing

62
Q

X-ray, gamma-ray

A

ionizing

63
Q

radiation interact with other atoms or molecules to produce free radicals which in turn damage the critical targets . dominant effect of X-and gamma ray

A

indirect action

64
Q

readiation absorbed and interact directly with critical targets in the cell. Dominant effect of particulate radiation such as neutrons or alpha particles

A

direct action

65
Q

damage causes gene mutation which is passed on for generations as

A

heritable mutations

66
Q

more effective cell killing with multiple doses- fractionation

A

oxygen effect

67
Q

Cells that are the most sensitive

A

cells in M phase

68
Q

cells that are the most resistant

A

cells in late S phase

69
Q

delayed effects of radiation

A

fibrosis

70
Q

common and critical target

A

DNA damage

71
Q

non-ionizing radiation which can cause significant cell/tissue damage

A

UV light

72
Q

pyrimidine dimer results from

A

UV absorption and excitation of molecules

73
Q

new wave of cell death that results in greater tissue damage

A

reperfusion injury

74
Q

lipid presoxidation

A

oxidative stress

75
Q

accidental or passive cell death

A

necrosis

76
Q

progressive denaturation of intracellular proteins and enzymatic digestion of the lethally injured cell

A

necrosis

77
Q

increased eosinophilia

A

necrosis

78
Q

basic outline of the dead cell is preserved for a span of at least a few days

A

coagulative necrosis

79
Q

a localized area of coagulative necrosis

A

infarct

80
Q

granuloma

A

caseous necrosis

81
Q

tuberculosis

A

caseous necrosis

82
Q

infarct of the brain

A

liquefactive of the brain

83
Q

fat saponification

A

fat necrosis

84
Q

descriptive term for focal areas of fat destruction, typically because of release of activated pancreatic lipase into the substances of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity

A

fat necrosis

85
Q

necrosis seen in immune rxn involving blood vessels

A

fibrinoid necrosis

86
Q

fatty liver

A

alcohol

87
Q

non-alcoholic fatty liver

A

diabetes and obesity

88
Q

Steatosis can be found

A

in the liver (most prominent) but also in the heart, muscle and kindeys

89
Q

cholesterol and cholesterol esters found int he cytoplasm of smooth mc. and macrophages in the tuinica intima of the aorta and large arteries

A

atheroclesrosis

90
Q

lysosomal storage diseases with cholesterol accumulation in multiple organs

A

niemann-pick disease, type C

91
Q

macrophages storing cholesterol in subcutaneous tissues

A

xanthomas

92
Q

misfolded protein accumulations in the ER and it is not secreted

A

alpha-1-antutrypsin

93
Q

keratin intermediates filaments accumulate in hepatocytes as the eosinophilic

A

alcoholic hyaline

94
Q

proteinaceous neurofilaments in neurofibrillary tangles

A

alzheimer

95
Q

descriptive term used on alterations within cells or in the extracellular space with a homogenous, glassy, pink apperance in routine H+E

A

hyaline change

96
Q

mallory bodies

A

intracellular hyaline

97
Q

hyalinized kidney walls

A

extracellular hyaline

98
Q

tattos and carbon pigments

A

exogenous

99
Q

wear and tear/ lipochrome

A

lipofuscin

100
Q

derived from lipid peroxidation of the polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes

A

lipofuscin

101
Q

brown-black pigment found in melanocytes s

A

melanin

102
Q

hemoglobin-derived, and one of the major storage forms of iron

A

hemosiderin

103
Q

hemosiderin deposition in many organs and tissues

A

hemosiderosis

104
Q

normal major pigment found in bile

A

bilirubin

105
Q

disposition of calcium in normal tissues

A

metastatic calcification

106
Q

calcium metabolism is normal

A

dystrophic calcification

107
Q

calcium metabolism is abnormal

A

metastatic calcification

108
Q

deposition of calcium in injured tissue

A

dystrophic calcification

109
Q

radiation hits DNA head on

A

direct radiation

110
Q

free radical formation leading to DNA damage

A

indirect damage

111
Q

cells that are more susceptible to damage by radiation

A

those that have a higher rate of proliferation and division and higher metabolic activity

112
Q

remote effects of radiation

A

fibrosis after chemo

Patholoy (7 decks)

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