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cell injury II Flashcards

exam 1 (112 cards)

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1
Q

accidental cell death

A

necrosis

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2
Q

cause of necrosis

A

irreversible cell injury

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3
Q

most common form of necrosis

A

coagulative

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4
Q

necrosis: 2 concurrent processes

A
  1. enzymatic digestion

2. denaturation of proteins

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5
Q

cell death characterized by cell and organelle swelling ATP depletion, increased plasma membrane permeability, release of macromolecules, autolysis and inflammation

A

necrosis

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6
Q

underlying tissue architecture is preserved for a period of time

A

coagulative necrosis

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7
Q

ghost town

A

coagulative necrosis

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8
Q

coagulative necrosis commonly seen in tissues subjected to prolonged ischemia

A

cardiac muscle

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9
Q

cheese-like

A

caseous necrosis

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10
Q

caseous necrosis seen in

A

TB infection

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11
Q

collection of fragmented or lysed cells with an amorphous granular pink material

A

caseous necrosis

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12
Q

consists of a amorphous, pink center, surrounded by macrophages, multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes

A

TB granuloma

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13
Q

dead cells are completely digested and the tissue is turned into a viscous liquid which is eventually removed by phagocytes

A

liquefactive necrosis

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14
Q

liquefactive necrosis found in

A

focal bacterial, fungal infections

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15
Q

Liquefactive necrosis, also seen in ______ in the central nervous system

A

hypoxic cell

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16
Q

pus

A

liquefactive necrosis

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17
Q

In fat necrosis, released fatty acids combine with calcium to produce grossly visible chalky white ares _______

A

fat saponification

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18
Q

foci of necrosis with shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells surrounded by basophilic calcium deposits and an inflammatory reaction

A

fat necrosis

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19
Q

focal areas of fat destruction

A

fat necrosis

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20
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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21
Q

occurs in the pancreas

A

fat necrosis

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22
Q

an energy-dependent process involving activation of a coordinated, internally programmed series of events effected by a dedicated set of gene products

A

apoptosis

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23
Q

cell swelling

A

necrosis

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24
Q

cell shrinkage

A

apoptosis

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25
DNA ladder
apoptosis
26
Eat me signal
when the PS is exposed on the cell surface
27
intrinsic pathway
mitochondria
28
extrinsic pathway
death receptor
29
abnormal metabolism leads to
intracellular accumulation
30
accumulation of excessive amount by normal proteins
russell bodies in plasma cells
31
defects in intracellular transport and secretion
alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
32
accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins
alzheimers disease
33
accumulation of abnormal proteins
amyloidosis
34
what type of protein issues can lead to intraccelular accumulation?
defects in 1. syntheis 2. folding 3. transport 4. secretion
35
mallory bodies
alcoholic hyaline
36
neufribrillary tangles
Tau- intracellular accumulation
37
B-amyloid
extracellular accumulation
38
lysosomal storage diseases can also lead to intracellular accumulation
lack of enzyme
39
deficiency in glucocerebrosidase leading to accumulation of glucosylceramide in cells
Gaucher disease
40
ingestion of indigestible materials leads to intracellular accumulation of
exogenous materials
41
pigment, endogenous
hemosiderin
42
hemoglobin-derived, golden yellow-to-brown, granular or crystalline pigment
hemosiderin
43
hemosiderin is on the major storage forms of
iron
44
______ forms hemosiderin granules when there is a local or systemic excess of iron
ferritin
45
calcium metabolism is normal and serum level of calcium is normal
dystrophic calcification
46
dystrophic calcification can be found in
dying tissue like atheromas
47
dystrophic calcification macroscopic
fine, white granules
48
dystrophic calcification microscopic
basophilic/dark purple amorphous granules
49
Dystrophic calcification can lead to
organ dysfunction
50
calcium metabolism is abnormal and serum calcium is high (hypercalcemia)
metastatic calcifiction
51
metastatic calcification may occur in _______ and generally does not cause clinical dysfunctions
normal tissues
52
principal causes of metastatic calcification
hyperparathyroidism, destruction of bone tissue, Vit. D related disorders
53
homogeneous, glassy, pink appearance
hyaline change
54
intracellular hyaline change
russell bodies, alcoholic hyaline
55
Extracellular hyaline change
hyalinized walls of arterioles
56
the shorter the wavelength the higher the
frequency
57
the shorter the frequency, the _______ of the photon energy
greater
58
the shorter the wavelength, the ______ the ability to produce biological effects
greater
59
the difference between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation is the
individual packet of energy not the total energy involved
60
UV, when absorbed, can result in excitation of molecules and dimer formation
non-ionizing radiation
61
size of photon energy large enough to eject one or more orbital electrons . break the bond
ionizing
62
X-ray, gamma-ray
ionizing
63
radiation interact with other atoms or molecules to produce free radicals which in turn damage the critical targets . dominant effect of X-and gamma ray
indirect action
64
readiation absorbed and interact directly with critical targets in the cell. Dominant effect of particulate radiation such as neutrons or alpha particles
direct action
65
damage causes gene mutation which is passed on for generations as
heritable mutations
66
more effective cell killing with multiple doses- fractionation
oxygen effect
67
Cells that are the most sensitive
cells in M phase
68
cells that are the most resistant
cells in late S phase
69
delayed effects of radiation
fibrosis
70
common and critical target
DNA damage
71
non-ionizing radiation which can cause significant cell/tissue damage
UV light
72
pyrimidine dimer results from
UV absorption and excitation of molecules
73
new wave of cell death that results in greater tissue damage
reperfusion injury
74
lipid presoxidation
oxidative stress
75
accidental or passive cell death
necrosis
76
progressive denaturation of intracellular proteins and enzymatic digestion of the lethally injured cell
necrosis
77
increased eosinophilia
necrosis
78
basic outline of the dead cell is preserved for a span of at least a few days
coagulative necrosis
79
a localized area of coagulative necrosis
infarct
80
granuloma
caseous necrosis
81
tuberculosis
caseous necrosis
82
infarct of the brain
liquefactive of the brain
83
fat saponification
fat necrosis
84
descriptive term for focal areas of fat destruction, typically because of release of activated pancreatic lipase into the substances of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity
fat necrosis
85
necrosis seen in immune rxn involving blood vessels
fibrinoid necrosis
86
fatty liver
alcohol
87
non-alcoholic fatty liver
diabetes and obesity
88
Steatosis can be found
in the liver (most prominent) but also in the heart, muscle and kindeys
89
cholesterol and cholesterol esters found int he cytoplasm of smooth mc. and macrophages in the tuinica intima of the aorta and large arteries
atheroclesrosis
90
lysosomal storage diseases with cholesterol accumulation in multiple organs
niemann-pick disease, type C
91
macrophages storing cholesterol in subcutaneous tissues
xanthomas
92
misfolded protein accumulations in the ER and it is not secreted
alpha-1-antutrypsin
93
keratin intermediates filaments accumulate in hepatocytes as the eosinophilic
alcoholic hyaline
94
proteinaceous neurofilaments in neurofibrillary tangles
alzheimer
95
descriptive term used on alterations within cells or in the extracellular space with a homogenous, glassy, pink apperance in routine H+E
hyaline change
96
mallory bodies
intracellular hyaline
97
hyalinized kidney walls
extracellular hyaline
98
tattos and carbon pigments
exogenous
99
wear and tear/ lipochrome
lipofuscin
100
derived from lipid peroxidation of the polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes
lipofuscin
101
brown-black pigment found in melanocytes s
melanin
102
hemoglobin-derived, and one of the major storage forms of iron
hemosiderin
103
hemosiderin deposition in many organs and tissues
hemosiderosis
104
normal major pigment found in bile
bilirubin
105
disposition of calcium in normal tissues
metastatic calcification
106
calcium metabolism is normal
dystrophic calcification
107
calcium metabolism is abnormal
metastatic calcification
108
deposition of calcium in injured tissue
dystrophic calcification
109
radiation hits DNA head on
direct radiation
110
free radical formation leading to DNA damage
indirect damage
111
cells that are more susceptible to damage by radiation
those that have a higher rate of proliferation and division and higher metabolic activity
112
remote effects of radiation
fibrosis after chemo

Patholoy (7 decks)

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