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Histology > Cell Organelles and Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cell Organelles and Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What process takes place in ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis = translation!

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2
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes?

A

membrane bound ribosomes

free ribosomes

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3
Q

what do membrane bound ribosomes do when they are synthesizing proteins that are being translated to the ER lumen?

A

ER signal sequence

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4
Q

what is ER signal sequence?

A

N-terminal signal sequence that directs proteins to enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is cleaved off by signal peptidase after entry.

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5
Q

what do membrane bound ribosomes produce?

A

lysosomal proteins
secreted proteins
plasma membrane proteins

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6
Q

what does the membrane bound ribosomes use to makes its products?

A

golgi and ER

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7
Q

what do free ribosomes produce?

A

nuclear proteins
mitochondrial proteins
cytosol proteins
peroxisome protein

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8
Q

what is the central role of the ER?

A

lipid and protein biosynthesis

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9
Q

what does the rER do?

A

protein syntehsis

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10
Q

what does the sER do?

A

lipid metabolism
detox in hepatocytes by cytochrome P450 system
sequester calcium in muscle cells (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

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11
Q

where is golgi especially well developed?

A

secratory cells - plasma cells, pancreatic acinar cells

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12
Q

what do coatomer coated vesicles do?

A

mediate bidirectional traffic between ER and golgi

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13
Q

what does COP 1 coated vesciles do?

A

Retrograde

CGN to ER

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14
Q

what do COP 2 coated vesicles do?

A

anterograde

ER to CGN

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15
Q

what are the 3 functions of golgi apparatus?

A

post translational modification
sorting
packaging

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16
Q

what are the types of post translational modification that can occur?

A

glycolsylation
sulfation
phosphorylation
proteolysis

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17
Q

what are the 3 vesicle transport pathways in golgi?

A 
consititutive secretory pathway
-basolateral
-apical
regulated secretory pathway
lysosomal pathway
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18
Q

what are the 3 major types of granules found in neutrophils?

A

azurophilic (non specific) (primary)
specific (secondary)
tertiary

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19
Q

where is peroxidase found and what does it do?

A

found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils (primary)
Generates highly reactive, bactericidal hypochlorite and chloramines
•Kill bacteria and other pathogens following phagocytosis

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20
Q

what are lyososomes?

A

digestive organelles

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21
Q

what covalently modifies lysosomal hydrates and where is it done?

A

mannose 6-phosphate

golgi

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22
Q

how do lysosomal storage diseases arise?

A

genetic defect that affect 1 or more lysosomal hydrolyses - which leads to accumulation of undigested substrates in lysosomes
more than 40 known disorders

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23
Q

what is tay sachs?

A

lysosomal storage disorder

accumulation fo gangliosides

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24
Q

what are the pathways to lysosomal digestion?

A

phagocytosis
endocytosis
autophagy - major pathway

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25
Q

what tags proteins to be destroyed by proteasomes?

A

ubiquitin

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26
Q

what is lipid storage diseases?

A

lipidoses - accumulation of lipid droplets in abnormal amount or locations

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27
Q

whats found in the innermembrane space of mitochonria?

A

cytochrome C - important factor in intrinsic apoptosis pathway

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28
Q

what does peroxisome contain and what does that thing do?

A

catalase - converts hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water

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29
Q

how are peroxisomal proteins targeted to peroxisomes?

A

peroxisomal target signal on C-terminus

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30
Q

what is Zellweger syndrome?

A

defective import of peroxisomal proteins

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31
Q

which part of actin is ATP dependent?

A

F actin

32
Q

what is the major player in the actin molecular motor?

A

myosin II

33
Q

centrioles provide basal body that is essential for formation fo what?

A

cilia and flagella

34
Q

what are the subunits of microtubules?

A

alpha and beta tubulin protein subunits

35
Q

microtubule polymerizatin is what?

A

GTP dependent!

36
Q

what is Tau associated with (microtubule associated protein MAP)?

A

alzeihmers disease

37
Q

what are mitototic spindle poisons?

A

colchicine and taxol

38
Q

what two families are involved in microtubule molecular motors?

A

dynein - fast and large

kinesin

39
Q

what are cilia and flagella built from?

A

microtubules and dynein

40
Q

how is movement produced in microtubule molecular motor ?

A

bending of the core = axoneme

41
Q

primary cilia have sensory antennae with mechanoreceptors, if those are fucked up, what is going to happen?

A

polycystic kidney disease

42
Q

what is plasma membrane protrusion activated by?

A

actin polymerization

43
Q

what are filopodia?

A

Growth cones
•Core of long, bundled actinfilaments
•Ex. Fibroblasts

44
Q

what are lamellipodia?

A

Sheet-like structures

•Ex. Fibroblasts, epithelial cells, some neurons

45
Q

what are pseudopodia?

A

3 dimensional projections

•Ex. Neutrophils

46
Q

how is actin polymerization oriented?

A

Actinfilaments mostly oriented with plus end facing forward

47
Q

what is Rho associated with?

A

stress fibers

48
Q

what is rac associated with?

A

lamellipodia

49
Q

what is cdc 42 associated with?

A

filopodia and microspikes

50
Q

Products of inflammation (Ex. Histamine) promote the expression of what on endothelial cell surfaces of neutrophils

A

selectin receptors

51
Q

what do chemokines induce the expression of?

A

Integrinson leukocytes and Integrinreceptorson endothelial cells

52
Q

what is transmigration?

A

migration across endothelium

53
Q

what is the process of diapedesis?

A

extension of pseudopod between endothelial cells

pass through the basement membrane into the tissue

54
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

movement of leukocytes within the tissue

movement along a chemotactic gradient to the tsource of inflammation

55
Q

what are 3 possible pathways in the golgi apparatus?

A

constitutive secretory pathway
regulated secretory pathway
lysosomal pathway

56
Q

what do neutrophil specific (secondary) granules contain?

A

lysozymes

lactoferrin

57
Q

what do neutrophil tertiary granules contain?

A

phosphatases

metalloproteinases

58
Q

what are inclusions?

A

glycogen, lipid and pigemtsn

59
Q

what part of the mitochondria contains porins?

A

outer membrane

60
Q

what is important about the inner membrane of mitochondria?

A

important factor in intrinsic apoptosis pathway

61
Q

what makes up the cytoskeleton?

A

actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments

62
Q

what are the 6 classes of intermediate filaments?

A 
1 and 2 = keratins
3 = vimentin and vimentin-like
4 neurofilaments
5 = lamins
6= beaded filaments
63
Q

where does a peroxisome originate from?

A

preexisting peroxisomes

64
Q

what undergoes fission?

A

peroxisomes and mitochondria

65
Q

how do cells important cholesterol?

A

recetpro mediated uptake of LDLs in coated vessicles

66
Q

how does transport of protein from the RER to the VTC occur?

A

COP II (anterograde - RER to CGM)

67
Q

how does membrane recycling after exocytosis of the contents of a secretion granule occur?

A

via clathrin-coated vessicles

68
Q

when does the uncoupling of ligands and receptors internalized by receptor mediated endocytosis occur?

A

in the early endosome

69
Q

proteins targeted for lysosomes (via late endosomes) leave the trans-golgi network how?

A

in clathrin-coated vesicles

70
Q

what is a force generating protein associated with microtubules?

A

kinesin - outward, away from centrosome

71
Q

globular actin monomers (G actin) polymerize into a double helix of filamentous actin (F actin) aka microfilament in response to what?

A

regulatory influence of a number of actin-binding proteins

72
Q

what has 13 protofilament strands

A

microtubule - alpha and beta tubulin dimers

73
Q

what are intermediate filaments composed of glial fibrillary acidic proteins and present in fibrous astrocytes?

A

glial filaments

74
Q

where is GFAP found?

A

glial cells - microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, schwann cells

75
Q

where is vimentin found?

A

in cells of CT origin - fibroblasts, chondrocytes, endothelial cells

76
Q

what do neurons contain?

A

intermediate neurofilaments - do not stain for either GFAP or vimentin

77
Q

what is responsible for the cellular protrusion of lamellae podia?

A

actin polymerization

Histology (21 decks)

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