Clinical Consideration - IV

Question 1

what is the main problem associated with Kartagener’s syndrome?

Answer 1

lack most of the inner and outer dyenin arms = impairement of mucociliary clearance

Question 2

what are the microtubule associated proteins (MAPS)?

Answer 2

kinesin, dyenin and dynamin

Question 3

What does Kartagener syndrome result in?

Answer 3

situs inversus
recurrent pulmonary infections
infertility in men (sterility)

Question 4

what is immotile cilia syndrome?

Answer 4

primary ciliary dyskineisa + situs inversus = KS

Question 5

what does bullae mean?

Answer 5

enlarged fluid filled vessicle largedr than 1 cm

Question 6

what is attacked by the antigen antibody complex in bullous pemphigold?

Answer 6

the hemidesmosomes are degraded

Question 7

define atrophy?

Answer 7

decrease in the size

Question 8

hypertrophy

Answer 8

increase in size

Question 9

hyperplasia

Answer 9

increase in the number of cells

Question 10

metaplasia

Answer 10

REVERSIBLE changes in one mature epithelium by another

Question 11

dysplasia

Answer 11

failure of maturation - with increased cell proliferation

Question 12

neoplasm

Answer 12

abnormal, uncontrolled proliferation of cells associated with the development of cancers

Question 13

carcinoma

Answer 13

malignant neoplasms of EPITHELIAL CELL ORIGIN

Question 14

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 14

only in epithelium

Question 15

what are examples of metaplasia?

Answer 15

bronchitis and barretts esophagus

Question 16

what is barretts esophagus?

Answer 16

marked by the presence of columnar epithelia in the lower esophagus, replacing the normal squamous cell epithelium—an example of metaplasia.

Question 17

whats an example of dysplasia?

Answer 17

cervix

Question 18

what is adenoma?

Answer 18

derived from glands

Question 19

what is lipoma?

Answer 19

benign tumor within subcutaneous fat - soft to touch - composed of sheets of adipocytes

Question 20

what is ehlers Danlos syndrome?

Answer 20

abnormal colalgen production - mutations in the gene encoding alpha chains of collagens

Question 21

what is ehlers danlos characterized by?

Answer 21

early morbidity and mortality due to rupture of vessels and internal organs

Question 22

what is a hypertrophic scar?

Answer 22

within original wound boundary

Question 23

what is keloid scar?

Answer 23

extending into surrounding tissue

Question 24

what is anaphylatic shock?

Answer 24

increase mast cell release of histamine - basophils elevated in peripheral smear

Question 25

what does calcitonin do?

Answer 25

reduce osteoclast, promote bone building decrease blood calcium level

Question 26

what does PTH do?

Answer 26

acts on osteoblasts produce osteoclast SF increases blood calcium levels

Question 27

what happens in osteoarthritis?

Answer 27

its a degenerative form of arthritis - joints wear out - articular cartilage wears out - pain

Question 28

what does eburnation mean?

Answer 28

describes a degenerative process of bone commonly found in patients with osteoarthritis or non-union of fractures. It is an ivory-like reaction of bone occurring at the site of cartilage erosion exposure of the subchondrial bone reduced joint space

Question 29

what is deficient in Rickets?

Answer 29

Vitamin D - only in children

Question 30

what is vitamin D deficiency terms in adults instead of Rickets?

Answer 30

osteomalacia

Question 31

where does 90% of sunlight come from?

Answer 31

sunlight

Question 32

what do children present when they have Rickets?

Answer 32

bowing of legs ligeon brest deformity rachitic roasry - The prominent knobs of bone at the costochondral joints of rickets patients are known as a rachitic rosary or beading of the ribs. The knobs create the appearance of large beads under the skin of the rib cage, hence the name by analogy with the beads of a rosary. scoliosis

Question 33

why can't the bones support the weight of children with Rickets?

Answer 33

there is less mineralization = more osteoid (because osteoid is unmineralized maxtrix)

Question 34

what is osteopetrosis?

Answer 34

increased osteoblastic activity = thickening of bone

Question 35

what is osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 35

genetic defect in type I collagen

Question 36

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 36

thinning of bone - due to decreased estrogen in post menapausal women or senile

Question 37

why does decreased estrogen lead to osteoporosis?

Answer 37

decrease estrogen = increased section of IL-1 which is a potent stimulator of osteoclasts

Question 38

how is osteoporosis measured?

Answer 38

DEXA - dual energy x ray absorptiometry - bone mineral density

Question 39

what type of disease is Bollae phemphigoid?

Answer 39

autoimmune disease - antibodies against hemidesmosomes

Question 40

what do pericytes resemble?

Answer 40

fibroblasts