Digestive Glands 1 - Salivary glands, pancreas

Question 1

What do the parotid glands acini consist of? where is nucleus? any specializations?

Answer 1

serous cells

basal nucleus and an apical cytoplasms with scretaory granules

Question 2

what are the parotid glands secretory granules found on the cytoplasm rich with?

Answer 2

proline-rich proteins
enzymes = amylase, peroidase, lysozyme)
proteins with antimicrobial activity = cystatins and hystatins

Question 3

what extrinsic gland has the largest intercalated ducts?

Answer 3

the parotid gland

Question 4

are there visibile myoepithelial cells in the parotid gland?

Answer 4

yes, periphery of each acinus

Question 5

what type of gland is parotid gland classified as?

Answer 5

serous, compound, tubuloalveolar

Question 6

what type of gland is the sublingual gland classified as?

Answer 6

mixed (mostly mucous), compound, tubuloalveolar

Question 7

what type of glands are sublingual glands

Answer 7

mixed serous and muscous

Question 8

what glands predominate in sublingual glands?

Answer 8

mucous cells - there are some seromucous cells

Question 9

how are intercalated and striated ducts in sublingual gland?

Answer 9

poorly developed

Question 10

how does the nucleus appear in mucous cells?

Answer 10

flattened against the basal plasma membrane

Question 11

what occupies the apical surface of mucous cells?

Answer 11

mucin-filled secretory vesicles

Question 12

what do mucous cells secrete?

Answer 12

high glycosylated mucins = contribute to the formation of the protective pellicle film

Question 13

what type of gland is the submandibular gland classified as?

Answer 13

mixed, compound, tubuloalveolar

Question 14

what type of glands can you find in submandibular gland?

Answer 14

mixed seromucous and serous acini are found!

Question 15

what is uncommon as far as glands in the submandibular gland?

Answer 15

pure mucous acini

Question 16

what do the intercalated ducts and striated ducts look like in submandibular gland?

Answer 16

intercalated duct = short

striated ducts = long and evident

Question 17

what do the mucous cells in the submandibular gland secret?

Answer 17

glycosylated mucins rich in sialic acid and sulfate = lubricate hard tissue surfaces = forming thin protective pellicle

Question 18

how does saliva control bascterial flora?

Answer 18

by presence of lysozyme
lactoferrin
IgA

Question 19

the exocrine function of the pancrease is served by what?

Answer 19

acinar cells
centroacinar cells
intercalated ducts

Question 20

what is primary secretion?

Answer 20

saliva secreted by acini - resembles extra cellular fluid

Question 21

what is final secretion?

Answer 21

intercalated ducts may deliver bicarb into saliva
striated ducts (via Na pump) remove sodium and cloride from luminal fluid and pump potassium into it

Question 22

is saliva hypertonic or hypotonic?

Answer 22

hypotonic - refers to a solution with a comparatively lower concentration of solutes compared to another - it swells

Question 23

what do the acinar cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 23

digesive enzymes - duct cells supply the alkaline buffer solution

Question 24

what comprises the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

Answer 24

islet of langerhans

Question 25

what are islets of langerhans

Answer 25

highly vascularized spherical aggregates of cells encased by reticular fibers 5 types of cells makes up islets

Question 26

what part of the pancreas contains the highest concentration of endocrine tissue (islets of langerhans)?

Answer 26

tail!

Question 27

the exocrine pancreas is what classification of glands?

Answer 27

purely serous, compound tubuloalveolar gland

Question 28

whats unique about the acini cells of exocrine pancreas?

Answer 28

they are serous, their center contain centroacinar cells = form beginning of the duct system

Question 29

what do intercellular canaliculi in the exocrine pancreas do?

Answer 29

lead from between acinar cells to the lumen of the acinus

Question 30

what is teh apical region of the exocrine pancreas acinar cells packed with?

Answer 30

secretory granules - zymogen granules

Question 31

what does the centroacinar cells lack compared to acinar cell?

Answer 31

lacks secretory granules and tehre is scarce rER

Question 32

what is not present in exocrine pancreas?

Answer 32

myoepithelial cells | striated ducts

Question 33

what are centroacinar cells continuous with?

Answer 33

intercalated ducts

Question 34

what does the pancreatic duct do?

Answer 34

delivers pancreatic secretions into the duodenum at teh papilla ofvater

Question 35

what does APUD mean?

Answer 35

Amine - for high amine content. Precursor Uptake - for high uptake of (amine) precursors. Decarboxylase - for high content of the enzyme amino acid decarboxylase (for conversion of precursors to amines).

Question 36

what two hormones control the release of pancreatic secretions?

Answer 36

CCK and secretin

Question 37

what cells make up the islets of langerhans?

Answer 37

alpha cells beta cells delta 1 cells others - C, E, G, and PP cells

Question 38

where are alpha cells located on IOL? what do they produce

Answer 38

``` periphery - have granules produce glucagon (elecvated BGL) ```

Question 39

where are beta cells located on IOL? what do they produce

Answer 39

majority - occupy most of the center of each islet have granules - smaller than alpha cells produce insulin (lower BGL)

Question 40

where are delta 1 cells located on IOL? what do they produce

Answer 40

less common - has large granules produce somatostatin (controls the release of insulin and glucagon - reducing the volume of alkaline rich pancreatic juice)

Question 41

what do C cells represent?

Answer 41

immature /degranulated islet cells

Question 42

what do PP cels produce?

Answer 42

release pancreatic polypeptide - reduce the relase of both enzyme rich and alkaline rich pancreatic secretions

Question 43

what do g cells release?

Answer 43

gastin - release HCL from parietal cells