Cell Organelles / First Quiz Gr 12

Question 1

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

Answer 1

Chloroplasts collect sunlight to then create energy through photosynthesis, which is the process of using light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars (glucose) and starches?

Question 2

Where are chloroplasts mainly found in the plant - be specific!! Why is it good that they’re found there?

Answer 2

They can be found mainly in plant leaves because that is where they have the most surface area to access sunlight.

Question 3

What is the function of mitochondria? What type of cells contain a lot of them?

Answer 3

The Mitochondria creates energy by converting food into chemical energy (ATP) needed for all other cell processes.
Muscle, brain, and nerve cells contain lots of mitochondria because they require more energy to move, and push blood through the body.

Question 4

What are some structural similarities between the chloroplast and mitochondria?

Answer 4

Both of these organelles share the same function of creating energy
Structure wise both organelles have both an inner and outer membrane, and an inter membrane space, so they are double membrane bound organelles, and they both contain their own genetic material. (DNA)

Question 5

Which is bigger? chloroplast or mitochondria?

Answer 5

The Chroloplast is bigger as it needs a bigger area to collect sunlight and to complete processes like the calvin cycle, Chloroplasts have a much more complex process compared to the mitochondria, hence why they need more space to complete these processes, and they need the extra room to store starch grains.

Question 6

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 6

The cell wall is used to maintain cell structure and protect the cell.

Question 7

What is the cell wall made of?

Answer 7

The cell wall is made up of polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.

Question 8

describe what the cell wall looks like. How does this help with its function?

Answer 8

It wraps around the exterior of the cell, to protect all of the cell’s organelles.

The cell wall has to be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid to complete its function of providing structure protection.

Question 9

Which cells have a cell wall, why?

Answer 9

Only plant cells have a cell wall because it acts as an exoskeleton for each cell, providing the cell with crucial structural support and rigidity, which enables plants to stand upright even without bones.
This also makes it hard to move hence why animal cells do not have cell walls.

Question 10

What do cells that don’t have a cell wall have instead?

Answer 10

A Cytoskeleton

Question 11

What is the main difference between Cilia and Flagella structually?

Answer 11

Cillia are like a bunch of little hair like membranes that move together to transport different molecules and cells. Whereas flagella are a singular Hair like membrane that whips around to propel through the cytoplasm.

Question 12

Give an example of a type of cell or organism that has a Flagella

Answer 12

Sperm cells have flagella in order to propel and deliver genetic material to an egg cell during sexual reproduction.

Question 13

Give an example of a type of cell or organism that has cilia

Answer 13

cilia can be found in the lungs; used to remove harmful microbes and debris.

Question 14

What is the difference between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends of phospholipids?

Answer 14

Hydrophobic tails, as the name suggests are the tails of a phospholipid which never come in contact with water so they are found in the interior.
Whereas hydrophilic heads are water loving and always face the exterior side of the phosphate bilayer.

Question 15

Describe how the phospholipids are arranged/how they line up.

Answer 15

Hydrophobic tails align facing each other avoiding water, hence the name hydro-phobic. The hydrophilic head always faces outwards touching the water, hence the name hydrophilic.

Question 16

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 16

The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Question 17

Why is the model of the cell membrane often called the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 17

Because it is made up of so many essential small parts such as the phospholipids, their heads and tails, as well as recognition proteins, receptor proteins, and transport proteins.

Question 18

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 18

The nucleus stores the genetic information (DNA) of the cell.

Question 19

Describe the structure of the nuclear envelope.

Answer 19

The nuclear envelope is the outer membrane of the nucleus (it provides structure and separates the nucleus from the cell’s cytoplasm), it has nuclear pores throughout and holds chromatin as well as the nucleolus.

Question 20

What is the relationship between DNA, chromosomes and chromatin?

Answer 20

DNA condenses with proteins into two sister chromatin, which then becomes a singular chromosome.

Question 21

What does a nuclear pore look like and what is its function?

Answer 21

Nuclear pores are tiny openings found on the nuclear envelope.
Nuclear pores allow for ions and small molecules to pass or diffuse in or out of the nucleus (specific proteins that belong in the nucleus can also pass through these pores).

Question 22

What is the function of the nucleolus and where is it found?

Answer 22

The nucleolus is found within the nucleus.
The function of the nucleolus is to produce ribosomes. (ribosomes then produce proteins)

Question 23

How does the size of the nucleus compare to the size of the mitochondria and chloroplast?

Answer 23

The Nucleus is visibly bigger then the two.

Question 24

What is the function of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 24

The rough endoplasmic reticulum produces proteins that are then transported to the golgi apparatus by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the SER also produces enzymes and lipids that are also transported, lipids are transported through vesicles and then released into the cytoplasm

Question 25

Describe the general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum. How is the structure well-suited for its function?

Answer 25

The Endoplasmic reticulum can be found near the nucleus, it is made of many folded membranes that help transport essential materials throughout the cell. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is found closer to the nucleus, and gets its rough textured look because of ribosomes embedded in the membrane. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is smooth because it does not have any ribosomes attached.

Question 26

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 26

The Golgi apparatus is in charge of receiving vesicles sent by the smooth ER, then it merges the proteins and other materials (lipids,ect) from the vesicle to those within the Golgi apparatus, finally it adds or modifies proteins to then release the vesicle back onto the cell or into the cell membrane to be excreeded from the cell.

Question 27

How does the structure of membranes and sacs help with its function? (Golgi Apparatus)

Answer 27

The Golgi apparatus is essentially a stack of curved membrane sacs (looks like pancakes) ; these sacs are called cisternae. Vesicles from the SER merge into the cisternae where other proteins are stored for modifications

Question 28

Describe the basic structure and function of lysosomes.

Answer 28

It's a little sac filled with digestive enzymes that are used to break down and remove cell waste.

Question 29

What do lysosomes contain and why are they often called suicide sacs?

Answer 29

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes) They are often called Suicide Sacs because if a damaged lysosome were to burst the enzymes inside will eat the very cell they reside in.

Question 30

compare the sizes of Vacuoles and Vesicles, How is their structure similar?

Answer 30

Vacuoles are visibly bigger than vesicles. Both have a sac structure.

Question 31

How are Vacuoles and Vesicles different in plant and animal cells?

Answer 31

In plant cells the vacuole is much bigger than in animal cells and you will find one main a Central vacuole or a water vacuole in plant cells. In animal cells vacuoles are much smaller similar to vesicles, and there is more than just one.

Question 32

What are the functions of Vacuoles and Vesicles?

Answer 32

Vesicles are used to transport and to store proteins enzymes, hormones and other cell materials (for example Lysosomes and ribosomes, neurotransmitters) Vesicles can also fuse with other membranes within the cell system. (Vesicles from the ER fuse into the cisternae of the golgi apparatus.) Vesicles can be found in both plant cells and animal cells. Vacuoles are used for storage of food, water, and starches.

Question 33

How are vesicles related to the golgi apparatus?

Answer 33

The Golgi apparatus receives vesicles from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and then modifies or repackages them back into vesicles, then releasing them back into the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 34

what is the difference between active transport and passive transport?

Answer 34

Active transport requires energy, where passive transport does not.

Question 35

what is passive transport?

Answer 35

passive transport is the movement of ions and molecules along the concentration gradient without the application of any external energy.

Question 36

What is an example of passive transport?

Answer 36

Osmosis and diffusion are examples of passive transport.

Question 37

What is a diffusion? example?

Answer 37

a diffusion is the movement if particles from high concentrations to an area of low concentration until an equilibrium is reached. (have equal concentrations) osmosis is an example of diffusion where high concentrations of water molecules defuse into low concentrations of water.

Question 38

Why does passive transport not require any energy?

Answer 38

There is no need for energy because the molecules are small enough to be able to pass through without needing energy to physically push through.

Question 39

What does diffusion require?

Answer 39

It requires a concentration gradient, the greater this gradient is the faster diffusion will occur.

Question 40

What is osmosis?

Answer 40

The diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane. Water molecules are able to pass through the cell membrane in this way (without energy) because it is a small molecule

Question 41

what is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 41

THERE MUST BE A CONCENTRATION GRADIAN FOR THIS TO OCCUR. It is the transportation of molecules using a transport protein, found in the cell membrane. Large or hydrophilic molecules usually enter this way, for example glucose enters the cell using facilitated diffusion as the molecules are to big to pass through the cell membrane

Question 42

what does it mean for a solution to be isotonic?

Answer 42

The concentration of the solute and solvent is the same on both sides of the cell membrane. No movement of water (flaccid or normal)

Question 43

what does it mean for a solution to be hypertonic?

Answer 43

Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solute inside the cell (ex sodium) compared to another solution, or the outside of the cell (ex Water). water will move out of the cell making it plasmolyzed (shrivelled)

Question 44

what does it mean for a solution to be hypotonic?

Answer 44

Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solute inside the cell (ex sodium) compared to another solution outside of the cell (ex water). Water will move into the cell making it turgid (normal)

Question 45

what are Intrinsic or integral proteins? Examples?

Answer 45

Intrinsic or integral proteins are permanently attached to the bilayer, and extend through the cells hydrophobic core. For example recognition, receptor, and transport proteins are all integral proteins.