Chemistry Intro

Question 1

What is matter composed of? What are the three particles that make up atoms?

Answer 1

Matter is composed of Atoms.
Protons (p1+) ,Neutrons (n0) , and Electrons (e1-).

Question 2

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons, and their properties. (Positive charge, Negative charge or nuteral charge.)

Answer 2

Protons: TVE (Positive), found inside the nucleus

Neutrons: Nuteral, found inside the nucleus

Electrons: -ve (Negative), found orbiting then nucleus.

Question 3

The Atomic number is the number of?

Answer 3

e-1(Electrons) and (+) p1+ (Protons)

Question 4

The number of neutrons equals?

Answer 4

The atomic mass minus the atomic number

Question 5

When bonding, Atoms will ____ or ____
electrons in order to fill their ____ shell and form stable compounds.

Answer 5

When Bonding, Atoms will GAIN or LOOSE electrons on order to fill their VALANCE shell and form stable compounds.

Question 6

When atoms gain or loose electrons, they are ____ and are now called ____.

Answer 6

When atoms gain or loose electrons they are CHARGED and are now called IONS

Question 7

What is a Cation?

Answer 7

Positively charged, because they lost an electron(s).

Question 8

What is an Anion?

Answer 8

Negativity charged, because they gained an electron(s).

Question 9

What is an atom?

Answer 9

An atom is the smallest particle of an element.

Question 10

What is a molecule?

Answer 10

A molecule is made up of two or more atoms, chemically bonded together.

Question 11

When using model kits to build molecules…
Black =
Blue =
Red =
White =
White Tubes =

Answer 11

Black = Carbon
Blue = Nitrogen
Red = Oxygen
White = Hydrogen
White Tubes = Chemical Bonds

Question 12

Name the three Functional Groups and their formulas

Answer 12

Hydroxyl (OH)
Carboxyl (COOH)
Amino (NH2)

Question 13

Draw the structural Fomulas for the three functional groups, Include names and formulas.

Question 14

In each of the Functional groups there is a vacant bond, what is the significance of it?

Answer 14

Vacant bonds allow other molecules to attach.

Question 15

What are Functional Groups? How many? involved in?

Answer 15

There are three major functional groups that are involved in chemical reactions in biological organic compounds.
Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amino

Question 16

What are Hydrocarbons?

Answer 16

Hydrocarbons are a group of compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen.
They are the simplest carbon compounds to study.
Methane, Ethane, Propane

Question 17

Name the three common Hydrocarbons and their chemical formulas

Answer 17

Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)

Question 18

Draw the structural Fomulas for the three Hydrocarbons, Include names and formulas.

Question 18

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules and the bonds between them are ___.

The bonds are also very hard to break and require a lot of ____ to do so.

Answer 18

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules and the bonds between them are NON-POLAR.
The bonds are also very hard to break and require a lot of ENERGY to do so.

Question 19

What happens to a hydrocarbon when you add a hydroxyl group? this can change what?

Answer 19

It can (not always) become polar.
This can change physical and chemical properties

Question 20

What does it mean for a molecule to be polar / non-polar?

Answer 20

Nonpolar molecules are semeterical and polar molecules are asymmetrical

Question 21

What does Catabolism produce?

Answer 21

Catabolism produces energy and smaller molecules (Big molecule splits into atoms and energy)

Question 22

What does Anabolism use?

Answer 22

Anabolism uses energy to make larger molecules (Atoms and energy being used to create Molecule)

Question 23

What else are condensation reactions called?

Answer 23

Dehydration (Produces water) Synthesis (joining molecules together)

Produces water by joining molecules together.

Question 24

What are Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis) and Hydrolysis, Example?

Answer 24

Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis): Produces water by joining molecules together. Hydrolysis (Hydro - (uses water) Lysis - (Breaking Molecules apart): Using water to break molecules apart.

Question 25

What are Oxidation-Reduction Reactions? (Redox reactions)

Answer 25

These reactions occur when electrons are transferred from one substance to another

Question 26

What can help remember Redox Reactions (

Question 27

Explain what is meant by the term polymer.

Answer 27

The term Polymer refers to a large molecule composed of many repeating units of smaller molecules. Poly means many, hence the name POLY-mer.

Question 28

Why are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins called macromolecules?

Answer 28

First, what is a macromolecule? They are large, complex molecules made from many smaller molecules (polymers) which are made from many smaller molecules (monomers, which are the smallest repeating unit of a polymer).

Question 29

What do our bodies use carbohydrates for?

Answer 29

Our bodies break down carbohydrates in order to create glucose, main molecule used to create energy.

Question 30

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

Answer 30

C6H12O6

Question 31

How many calories per gram does each of the macromolecules provide your body with?

Answer 31

Carbohydrates 4 calories per gram, Proteins provide 4 calories per gram, and lipids provide 9 calories per gram.

Question 32

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 32

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP

Question 33

"Hitting the wall" is a term marathon runners use to describe their body's reaction once their liver and muscle cells have run out of glycogen. What strategies could a marathon runner utilize to prevent this from happening?

Answer 33

Slowing down pace for ten minutes to allow fatty acids to sufficiently produce ATP in response to the demand, eating foods or drinks containing carbohydrates is also a remedy for milder instances.

Question 34

Use three important biological functions of lipids to explain why it is not a good idea to be on a no fat or extremely low fat diet.

Answer 34

ipids are our bodies main long-term energy storage, Without enough fat in your diet your body will struggle to maintain efficient energy leading to fatigue and weakness. Lipids can be found within the phospholipid bilayer, which controls what moves in and out of the cell, without enough carbohydrates the membrane becomes less stable affecting overall health. Gluconeogenesis is where the liver converts amino acids (from proteins) into glucose to fuel the body. And happens, If your body runs out of stored fats for energy it will begin breaking down proteins for energy needed to run your organs and keep you alive. Proteins have essential functions of making enzymes, hormones, and repairing tissues. This usage of proteins for energy will cause muscle loss, nutrient imbalances and unnecessary strains to the liver and kidneys.

Question 35

Explain why fats are well suited to be the long-term energy storage molecules in plants and animals.

Answer 35

First of all Fats are calorie dense, with more than double the amount of calories per gram compared to carbohydrates and proteins, making them a way more efficient way to store fule for extended periods of time. Fats are also hydrophobic, so storing them in a compact form allows the organism to carry large energy reserves without extra weight. In animals, fats provide energy, insulation, and organ protection. In plants, especially seeds, fats are stored as oils to fuel early growth until photosynthesis begins.

Question 36

What is cholesterol and why is it important to have in your diet? Why is it harmful to have too much in your diet?

Answer 36

Cholesterol is a type of lipid commonly found in animal based foods (salami ect) and is also produced in the liver. Cholesterol helps maintain the fluidity and stability of cell membranes. It is used in hormone production for estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol. And is also essential for bile and vitamin c production. Having too much cholesterol in your diet is harmful because it can build up in artery walls, leading to plaques that narrow blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Plaque buildup can make arteries less flexible, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood, and increasing your likelihood of getting blood clots.

Question 37

What molecule is the monomer molecule that makes up proteins?

Answer 37

Amino acid Molecules

Question 38

Explain the importance of proteins to cell structure and cell functions.

Answer 38

For cell structure, proteins embedded in the cell membrane help maintain structure and allow for transport, signalling, and cell recognition, Proteins like collagen and keratin provide strength and elasticity to tissues, Proteins like actin and tubulin form the cytoskeleton, providing shape, strength, and support to the cell. So in the cell proteins provide structure, shape and strength and support. For cell functions, Proteins act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions essential for metabolism, DNA replication, and digestion. Proteins like hemoglobin transport oxygen, while membrane proteins regulate the movement of molecules in and out of the cell. Hormones and receptors (like insulin and neurotransmitter receptors) are proteins that help cells communicate and respond to signals. Antibodies are proteins that help the immune system recognize and fight infections.

Question 39

Describe the four levels of protein structure and give an example of a protein in quaternary structure and describe its function.

Answer 39

Primary Structure – This is the order of amino acids in a protein chain, linked by peptide bonds. Secondary Structure – The folds in the protein chain that form patterns, like alpha helices (spirals) or beta sheets(folds). Tertiary Structure – The overall 3D shape of a single protein, made by interactions between the side chains of amino acids. This shape is crucial for the protein’s function. Quaternary Structure – When multiple protein chains come together to form one functional protein.

Question 40

Give three examples of important nucleotides and describe their functions.

Answer 40

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Function: ATP is the main energy carrier in cells. It stores and transfers energy for various processes, like muscle contraction, protein synthesis, and cell division. Example: During cellular respiration, ATP is produced and used by cells for energy. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Function: NAD+ is involved in redox reactions, helping with energy production by transferring electrons in metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. It also plays a role in DNA repair. Example: NAD+ helps produce ATP during cellular respiration by accepting electrons and passing them to the electron transport chain. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Function: cAMP is a secondary messenger that helps transmit signals inside the cell. It plays a key role in regulating processes like metabolism, cell growth, and gene expression by activating protein kinases. Example: cAMP is involved in the action of hormones like adrenaline, helping cells respond to signals from the environment.