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Cell Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what does function of cells depend on

A

-strucutral properties

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2
Q

4 major subdivisions of the cell

A

-plasma membrane encloses the cell
cytoplasm
-organelles
-nucleus

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3
Q

plasma membrane functions`

A

-physical isolation
-regulation of exchange with the environment
-sensitivity to environment
-structural support

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4
Q

centrosome and centrioles

A

-2 centrioles in cytoplasm at right angles
-essential for movemnt of chromsomes during cell division
-organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton

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5
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

-hydrophillic heads
-hydrophobic tails
-barrier to ions and water soluble compounds

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6
Q

integral proteins

A

-within membran

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7
Q

peripheral proteins

A

-bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane

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8
Q

anchoring proteins

A

-attch to inside or outside structures

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9
Q

-recognition particles

A

-label cells as normal or abnormal

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10
Q

enzymes

A

catalyze reactions

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11
Q

receptor proteins

A
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12
Q

carrier proteins

A

-transport specific solutes through membrane

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13
Q

channels

A

-regulate water flow and solutes passing through membrane

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14
Q

gated channels

A

-open or close to regulate passage of substance

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15
Q

membrane carbohydrates

A

-proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids that extend outside the cell membrane and form a sticky coat called the glycocalyx

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16
Q

glycocalyx

A

-sticky coat formed by membrane carbs

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17
Q

function of glycocalyx

A

-lube and protection
-anchoring and locomotion
-specificity in binding
-recognition in immune response

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18
Q

cytoplasm

A

-all material in the cell and outside the nucelus

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19
Q

cytosol

A

-intracellular fluid
-contains dissolved materials
-nutrients ions and waste products
-high protein and potassium
-low carbohydrate, lipid, AA and sodium levels

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20
Q

organells

A

-structures with specific functions

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21
Q

non membranous organelles

A

-no membrane
-direct contact with cytosol
-include the cytoskeleton, centiroles, ribsomes, proteasomes, microvilli, cilia, and flagella

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22
Q

membrane organelles

A

-isolated from cytosol by plasma membrane
-nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

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23
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions

A

-non-membranous organelle
-masses of insoluble materials in the cell
-some consist of glycogen or lipid droplets

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24
Q

cytoskeleton

A

-structural proteins for shape and strength
-microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubukes
-non membranous organelle

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25
microfilaments
-thin filaments composed of actin -mechanical strength -interact with other ptoreins to adjust consistency of cytosol -interact with thick filaments of mysoin for muscle contraction
26
intermediate filaments
-mid sized between microfilaments and microtubules -durable -stengthen the cell and maintain shape -stabalize position of organelles -stabalize cell position
27
microtubules
-large, hollow tibes of tubulin proteins -attach to centrosome -strengthen cell and anchor organelles -change cell shape -move organelles within the cell with the help of motor protein (kinesin and dynein) --form spindle apparatus to distribute chromsomes -formes centrioles and cilia of organelles
28
microvilli
-increase SA for absorption -attach to cytoskeleton
29
centrioles
-form spindle apparatus during cell division -centrosome - cytoplasm next to nucleus that surrounds centrioles
30
cilia
-slender extensions of plasma membrane -move fluids across the cell surface -primary cilia - non motile, for sensing environment -motile cilia - found on cells lining the respiratory and repro tract -flagellum - whip like extension of cell membrane
31
ribosomes
-synthesize proteins -small and large ribosomal units -contain ribosomal RNA
32
free ribosomes
-in cytoplasm -manufacture proteins that enter cytosol directly
33
fixed ribosomes
-attached to ER -manufacture proteins that enter ER for packaging
34
proteasomes
-organelles that contain proteases -disassemble damaged proteins for recycling
35
six types of membranous organelles
-nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitrochondrag
36
golgi
-storage, altercation and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
37
mitochondria
-produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell -smooth outer membrane -folds of inner membrane = cristae -cirstae surrounded my fluid matric -take glucose to produce ATP -ABCD = Anabolism, biosyntheis, catabolism, degreadation
38
ER
-contain cistenae -syntehsis of proteins, carbs, lipids -storage of cynthesied molecules and materials -transport of materials within ER -detoxification of drugs or toxins
39
nucelus
-control of metabolism -storage and processing of genetic information -control of protein synthesis
40
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-no attached ribosomes -synthesizes: phospholipids and cholesterol, steroid hormones, glycerides, glycogen
41
rough endoplasmic reticulum
surface covered with ribosomes -active in protein adn glycoprotein synthesis -folds proteins into secondary and tertiary structures -encloses products in transport vesicles for delivery to golgi
42
golgi apparatus functions
-modifies and packages secretions for release from cell -adds or remobes carnphydrated to or from proteins -renews or modifes the plasma membrane
43
lysosomes
-enzyme containing vesicles -produced by golgi apparatus -primary lysosomes: contain inactiev enzymes -secondary lysosomes: formed when primary lysosomes fuse with damaged organelles and enzymes are activated -function to destroy bacteria, break down molecules and recycle organelles
44
peroxisomes
-small, enzymes containing vesicles -produced by division of existing peroxisomes -break down organic compounds such as fatty acids
45
recipe for ATP
-glycolysis - glucose --> pyruvic acid in cytosol and mitochondria absorb pyruvate molecules -CAC - mitochondrial matrix, break down pyruvate -ETC - inner mitochondrial membrane
46
plasma membrane restricts material based on
-size -electrical charge -molecular shape -lipid solubility
47
passive transport
-diffusion -facilitated diffusion -sometimes carrier mediated transport
48
active transport
-requires energy -vesicular and sometimes carrier mediated transport
49
facotrs influencing diffusion
-distance particle has to move -ion and molecule size (smeller = faster) -temperature (higher - faster) -concentration gradient (steeper = faster) -electrical forces (opposites attract, like charges repel)
50
simple diffusion allows what to cross
-lipid solublem dissolved gases, water
51
channel mediated diffusion
-water soluble compounds and ions -affected by size, charge, and inteaction with channel walls
52
osmosis
-difsuison of water across selectively permeable membrane -volume may increase in one side to maintain equilibirum concentration
53
hydrostatic pressure
-pressure of standing fluid water on membrane
54
osmotic pressure
-force with which pure water moves into a solution as a result of solute concentration -hydrostatic pressure is the pressure needed to block osmosis
55
water moves until ________=_________
osmotic pressure = hydrostatic pressure
56
why does osmosis occur more rapidly than solute diffusion
-water can cross through aquaporins -aquaporins outnumber solute channels
57
osmolarity
-total solute concentration in a solution
58
tonicity
-decreibes how solution affects cells
59
isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
-isotonic, does not cause osmotic flow -hypotonic - lower solute concentration than the cell -hypertonic - higher solute concentration than the cell
60
when considering both tonicity and osmolarity what can happen to cell
-isotonic - nothing -hypotonic - cell increases water which can lead to rupture -hypertonic solution - cell loses water and may shrink
61
specificity of carrier mediated transport
-one transport protein, one set of substrated
62
saturation limits of carrier mediated transport
-rate depends on avaliabilit of transport proteins and substrates
63
regulation of carrier mediated transport
-cofactors such as hormones affect activity of carriers
64
symport
-cotransport -two substances move in the same direction at the same time
65
antiport
-one substance moves in while another moves out
66
faciliated diffusion
-passive -down concentration gradient -carrier mediated -transport molecules to large to fit through channel proteins such as glucose and AA -molecule bind, receptor changed shape, molecule passes -receptor site is specific to certain molecules
67
active transport carrier mediated
-proteins move substrated against concentration gradients -energy needed -ion pumps move ions -exchange pumps move two ions in opposite directions at the same time -ATP needed to work against concentration gradient
68
primary active transport
-pumping solutes against a concentration gradient using ATP -sodium potassium exhange pump -one ATP oowers the movement of three soidum ions out and two potassim ions inse
69
secondary active transport
-ATP is required to establish a concentration gradient of one substance in order to passively transport another -Na concentration gradient drives glucose transport into cells -ATP used to pump Na back out
70
what is vesicular transport needed for
-too large for carriers and channels
71
does endocytosis require ATP
yes
72
3 types of vesicular transport
-receptor mediated endocytosis -pinocytosis -phagocytosis
73
vesicular mediated endocytosis
-receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules -receptors and their ligands migrate to clathrin coated pits of plasma membrane to enter cell -some receptors assocuaated with membrane lipids and small indentations called caveolae
74
pinocytosis
-endosomes drink extracellular fluid
75
phagocytosis
-psudeopodia engulfed in phagosomes
76
exocytosis
-cell vesicles fuses with plasma membrane and releases materials to ECF -also adds specific components to membrane
77
how do cells undergo cellular differentiation
-turning off genes not needed by that cells -this also allows for fifferent types of cells such as liver cells, fat cells and nuerons
78
mitosis is controlled by
-genetics
79
cell division stimulated by
-internal factors (M phase promoting factor - MPF) -extracellular chemical factors like growth facots such as hormones peptides and nutrients
80
cell division inhibited by
-repressor genes -naturally worn out telomeres
81
cell cycle overview
82
cancer overview

Physiology (12 decks)

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