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Renal/Urinary Physiology Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

homeostatic functions of the urinary system

A

-regulate blood volme and pressure by adjusting water loss and release EPO and renin
-regulate plasma ion concentration

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2
Q

three metabolic wastes

A

-urea
-creatinine
-uric acid

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3
Q

fate of organic wastes

A

-usually dissolved in the bloodstream
-eliminated only when dissolved in urine
-removal is accomanied by water loss

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4
Q

filtration

A

-blood pressure forces water and solutes across walls of glomerular capillaires

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5
Q

reabsorption

A

-movement of water and solute from filtrate to peritubular fluid
-lumen to blood

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6
Q

secretion

A

-transport of solutes from peritubular fluid to tubular fluid
-blood to lumen

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7
Q

nephron strucutre and function photo

A
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8
Q

kidneys

A

-concentrating filtrate
-reabsorbtion and rentention of valuable materials

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9
Q

three components of glomerular membrane

A

-fenestrated endothelium
-basement membrane
-foot processes of podocytes

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10
Q

glomerular capillaries

A

-fenestrat4e 3neothlelium with small pores
-prevent passage of blood cells
-allow diffusion of solutes including plasma proteins

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11
Q

basement membrane

A

-more selective
-holds negative charge to repel most negative charged solutes away
-allows passage of only small plasma proteins, nutreints and ions

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12
Q

glomerular filtration is goverend between

A

-hydrostatic/fluid pressure
-colloid osmotic pressure of materials in solution on each side of capillary walls

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13
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

-pushes water out of bloodstream into filtrate
-blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
-blood leaving capillary flows into efferent arteriole which has smaller diameter than afferent arteriole
-GHP is higher than hydrostatic pressure in peripheral capillaries

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14
Q

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

-opposes GHP
-puhses water and solutes into bloodstream and out of filtrate
-results from resistance to flow along nephron and conducting

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15
Q

net hydrostatic pressure

A

-difference between GHP and CHP
-35 mm Hg

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16
Q

colloid osmotic pressure

A

-pressure due to materials in solution
-blood colloid osmotic pressure = osmotic pressure resulting from suspended proteins (albumin) in blood

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17
Q

net filtration pressure

A

-average pressure forcing water and dissolved substances out of capillaries and into capsular spaces
-NHP-BCOP = NFP = 10

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18
Q

glomerular filtration photo

A
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19
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

-125mL/min
-amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute
-net filtration pressure determines GFR

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20
Q

three interacting levels of control

A

-autoregulation (local level)
-hormonal regulation (initated by kidneys)
-autonomic regulation (by SNS)

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21
Q

autoregulation of GFR

A

-involves changing diamtere or afferent & efferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries

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22
Q

hormonal regulation of GFR

A

-RAAS
-Natriuretic peptides

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23
Q

RAAS stimuli that cause the release of renin from JGC

A

–decrease in blood pressure
-stimulation of JGC by SNS
-Decrease in osmotic concentration of tubular fluid at mcula densa

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24
Q

pathway of RAAS

A

-Renin converts angioteniogen –> inactive angiotensin I
-ACE converts Angiotensin I –> Angiotensin II
-ACE primarily in lungs

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25
effects of angiotensin II
-contraction of vascular smooth muscle in peripheral capillary -increased aldosterone (Na retention) -increased arterial pressure -stimulation of thirst -increased production of ADH overall increased BP
26
response to decreased GFR
27
Effects of Angiotensin II photo
28
natriuretic peptides
-released by heart in response to increased pressure -atrial natruiretic peptide released by atria -dilate afferent golmerular capillaries and constrict efferent -increase GFR by increasing glomerular pressures -net result is increased urine production and decreased blood volume
29
ANP decreases
sodium reabsorbtion
30
ANP photo
31
automic regulation of GFR
-mostly consists of sympathetic postganglionic fibers -sympathetic activation constricts afferents, decreases GFR, slows filtrate -sympathetic activation can override local regulatory mechnaisms that act to stabalize GFR
32
filtration at renal corpuscle
-passive -solutes entering capsular space are metabolic wastes, excess ions, glucosa, FFA, AA, vitamins -useful materials reabsorbed in renal tubules and collecting system
33
three functions of the renal tubule
-reabsorbing useful organic nutrients in filtrate -reabsorbing more than 90% water in filtrate -secreting any wastes that did not enter filtrate at glomerulus
34
reabsorption and secretion by kidneys involve
-diffusion -osmosis -leak channels -carrier mediated transport
35
types of carrier mediated transport
-faciltated diffusion -active transport -cotransport -counter transport
36
characteristics of carrier mediated transport
-substrate bind to a carrier protein that facilitates movement across membrane -works in one direction -distribution of carrier proteins varies by region of cell -the membrane of a single tubular cell contains many types of carrier protein
37
transport maximum
-if nutrient concentrations rise in tubular fluid reabsorbtion rates increase intil carrier proteins are saturated -a concentration higher than transport maximum exceeds reabsorbtive abilities of nephron -determines renal threshold
38
renal threshold
-plasma concentration at which a specific compound of ion begins to appear in urine -varies with substance involved -if plasma glucose is higher than 180 glucose appears in urine -renal threshold for AA is 65 mg/dL
39
osmotic concentration (osmolarity)
-total # of solutes particles per L -body fluids is about 300mOSM/L -ion concentration are reported in mullieuqivalents per liter -concentration of large organic molecules are reported in mass per unt
40
tubular reabsorption and secretion table
41
transport activities of the PCT part I
42
transport of PCT part 2
43
nephron loop
-absorbs half the remaining water and 2/3 remaining sodium
44
descending limb of the nephron loop
-permeable to water but not solutes -water flows passiveley to interstitial space
45
ascending lumb of the nephron loop
-impermeable to water -passively and actively removes sodium and chloride ions from tubular fluid -very long in juxtamedullar nephrons creating high solute concentrations in peritubular fluif
46
reabsorption and secretion at DCT
-tubular cells actively transport Na and Cl- out of tubular fluid -along the distal regions ion pumps exchange Na and K+
47
aldosterone
-produced by adrenal cortex -stimulates syntheisis and incorporation of Na pumps and channels -promotes Na reabsorbtion -reduced Na loss in urine -passive loss of K+ in urine
48
DCT secretion into blood
-rate of K+ and H+ secretion rises or falls according to concentrations in peritubu.ar fluid
49
hydrogen ion secretion
-generated by dissociation of carbonic acid -secreted by sodium/H counter transport -Bicarbonate diffuses into bloodstream -the secretion of H acidifies tubular fluid and elevates blood pH
50
hypokalemia
-dangerous reduction in plasma K+ concentration -produced by prolonged aldosterone stimulation
51
what hormone opposes secretion of aldosterone
-Atrial natriuretic peptide
52
what regulates the calcium ion reabsorbtion at the DCT
parathyroid hormone
53
potassium ion secretion
-tubular cells exchange Na(into blood) and K(into lumen)
54
summary of reabsorbtion and secretion in the nephron
55
countercurrent multiplication
-exchange of fluids moving in opposite direction -effective water reabsorption -final adjustment of urine concentration -occurs descending thick and ascending thin limb of the nephron loop
56
countercurrent exchange functions of descending thin and ascending thick
-descending = water flows passively into interstitial space -ascending limb = thick epithelium that is impermeable to water and solutes, and actively transports Na and Cl out of the tubular lumen
57
regulation of urine volume and concentration
-through control of water reabsorption -water is reabsorbed by osmosis in PCT and descending limb of nephron loop -water permeabilities of these regions cannot be adjusted
58
ADH
-causes insertion of aquaporins in cell membranes -increases rate os osmotic water movement -released when ECF too concentrated -inhibited when ECF is too dilute
59
summary of urine formation: step 1: glomerulus
step 1: glomerulus - filtrate produced at renal corpsucle, lacks plasma proteins
60
summary of urine formation:step 2: PCT
- actively removes ions and organic nutrients (reabsorption), -osmotic water flow out of tubular fluid
61
summary of urine formation: step 3- PCT and descending limb
water moves into peritubular fluid -results in small volume of highly concentrated tubular fluid
62
summary of urine formation: step 4 - thick ascending limb
-tubular cells actively transport Na and CL- out (reabsorption)
63
summary of urine formation: step 5: DCT
-further adjustments in composition of tubular fluid -solute concentration is adjusted through active transport -ADH levels determine final urine volume and concentration
64
how is urine corced toward the bladder
-peristaltic contractions occuring every 30 seconds beginning at the renal pelvis and sweep along ureter
65
neck of bladder
-region surrounding the urethral opening -contains muscular internal urethral sphincter -provides involuntary control of urine discharge
66
innervation of bladder
-postganglionic fibers from ganglia in hypogastric plexus -PSNS fibers
67
urinary storage reflex
-spinal reflexes and pontine storage center -stretch receptors stimulate sympathetic outflow and inhibit detrusor muscle stimulating contraction of itnernal rethral sphincter -pontine stroage center inhibits urination by decreasing PSNS and contracting external sphincter

Physiology (12 decks)

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