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Nuerophysiology part II Flashcards

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1
Q

photo of the autonomic nervous system

A
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2
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-AKA visceral nervous system
-hypothalamus contains integrative centers
-higher order functions including consciousness, learning, intelligence

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3
Q

integrative centers of the hypothalamus

A

-coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive functions

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4
Q

visceral motor nuerons

A

-preganglionic nuerons in brainstem and spinal cord
-pre ganglionic fibers - axons of preganglionic nuerons
-after pre ganglionic fibers leave the CNS, they synapse on ganglionic nuerons
-autonomic ganglia - contain many ganglionic nuerons that innvervate visceral effectors

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5
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic division working together

A

-usually have opposing effects
-may also work independently - only one division innervates some structures
-may work together, with each controlling one stage of a complex process

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6
Q

responses to increased sympathetic activity

A

-heightened mental alertness
-increased metabolic rate
-reduced digestive and urinary function
-activation of energy reserves
-increased respiratory rate and dilation of respiratory passageways
-increased heart rate and blood pressure
-activation of sweat glands

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7
Q

responses to increased parasympathetic activity

A

-decreased metabolic rate
-decreased heart rate
-increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands
-increased motility and blood flow in digestive tract
-stimulation of urination

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8
Q

sympathetic division anatomy

A

-thoracolumbar division
-short preganglionic fibers in thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord
-preganglionic nuerons located between T1 and L2
-cell bodies in lateral horns
-axons enter anterior roots
-ganglionic nuerons in ganglia near spinal cord
-long post ganglionic fibers to target organs

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9
Q

thorocolumbar division

A
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10
Q

sympathetic ganglionic nuerons synapse

A

-adrenal medullae
-collateral ganglia
-sympathetic chain

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11
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia photo

A
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12
Q

collateral ganglia photo

A
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13
Q

adrenal medullae

A

-center of adrenal gland
-modified sympathetic ganglion at center of each adrenal gland
-innervated by preganglionic fibers that synapse on cells that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
-bloodstream carries nuerotransmitters throughout the body
-causes change in metabolicc activities of different cells
-effects last much longer than those producerd by direct sympathetic innervation

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14
Q

arenal medullae photo

A
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15
Q

stimulation of sympathetic preganglionic nuerons

A

-release ACh at synapses with ganglionic nuerons
-effect is always excitatory

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16
Q

sympathetic ganglionic nuerons

A

-release nuerotransmitters at target organs
-telodendria form branching networks with varicosities

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17
Q

varicosity

A

-packed with nuerotransmitter vesicles
-membrane receptors scattered across target cells

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18
Q

parasympathetic division anatomy

A

-long preganglionic fibers brainstem and sacral segments of spinal cords
-S2-S4
-ganglionic nuerons in peripheral ganglia adjacent to target organs
-short ganglionic fibers in or near target organs

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19
Q

parasympathetic division photo

A
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20
Q

ganglionic nuerons in peripheral ganglia

A

-terminal ganglion are near target organ, usually paired
-intramural ganglion are embedded in tissues of target organ and consists of interconnected masses and clusters of ganglion cells

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21
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave brain inc ranial nerves

A

-III (oculomotor)
-VII (facial)
-IX (glossopharyngeal)
-X (vagus)

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22
Q

where do parasympathetic division synapse

A

-ciliary, ptergopalatine, submandibular and otic ganglia

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23
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic photo

A
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24
Q

dual innervation

A

-most vital organs are innervated by both divisions of ANS
-two divisions often have opposing effects
-parasympathetic postganglionic fibers travel by cranial nerves to peripheral destinations
-sympathetic innervation reaches same strcutures

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25
autonomic plesuses and ganglia photo
26
somatic nervous systen
-controls contractions of skeletal muscles -sensory or motor pathways
27
two motor nuerons of somatic motor pathways
-upper and lower motor nuerons
28
lower motor nueron
-cell body lies in a nucelus of brainstm or spinal cord -innervates single motor unit in skeletal muscle -activation triggers a contraction in innervated muscle -damage eliminates volunatry and reflex control over innervated motor unit
29
upper motor nueron
-cell body lies in a CNS processing center -synapses on lower motor nueron -activity may facilitate or inhibit lower motor nueron
30
motor homunculus
-functional map of primary motor cortex -corresponds with specific regions of the body -indicated degree of fine motor control avaliable -proportions are similar to those of sensory motor homunculus
31
medial pathway
-control muscle tone and gross movements of neck trunk and proximal limb muscles -upper motor nuerons in vestibular nuclei, superior and inferior colliculi and reticular formation
32
lateral pathway
-controls muscle tone and precise movements of distal parts of the limbs -axons of upper motor nuerosn in red nuceli deccusate in brain and descent into spinal cord of rubrospinal tract
33
sensory pathways
-series of nuerons that relay sensory info from receptors to CNS
34
sensory receptors
-sepcialized cells or cell processes that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment -when stimulated, a receptor generated action potentials that are sent along sensory pathways
35
afferent division of the nervous system
-somatic and visceral sensory pathways
36
efferent division of the nervous system
-somatic motor portion -carries out somatic motor commands that control peripheral effectos -commands travel from motor centers in brain along somatic motor pathways
37
sensation
-arriving info
38
perception
-conscious awareness of a sensation
39
general senses
-temperature -pain -touch -presure -vibration -proprioception
40
special senses
-olfaction -gustation -vision -equilibirum -hearing
41
special sensory receptors
-provide sensations of special senses -located in sense organs such as eye or ear -protected by surrounding tissues
42
interpretation of sensory info
-stimulus reaches cortical nuerons via labeled line -each labeled line carries info about one modality or type of stimulus -frequency and pattern of action potentials contain info about strength duration and variation ofs timulus -your perception of the nature of stimulus depends on path it takes to CNS
43
detection of stimuli
-receptor specificity - each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity -receptive field - area monitored, larger is more difficult to localize stimulus
44
transduction
-converstion of an arriving stimulus into an action potential by a sensory receptor
45
general sensory receptors
-nociceptors -thermoreceptors -mechanoreceptors -chemoreceptors
46
Nociceptors
-free nerve endings with large receptive fields -in superficial portions of skin -in joint capsules and within periostea of bones -around walls of blood vessels -sensitive to: temperature extremes, mechanical damage, dissolved chemicals
47
thermoreceptors
-free nerve endings in demis, skeletal muscles, liver, hypothalamus, -sensations are conducted along same pathways that carry pain sensations (reticular formation, thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex)
48
mechanoreceptors
-sensitive to physical stimuli that distort plasma membranes -membranes contain mechanically gated ion channels that ipen or close in response to stretching, compression, twisting and other distortions of the membrane
49
cchemoreceptors
-respond to water and lipid solible substances that are dissolved in body fluids -seconds for a response -pH, CO2, O2 -carotid bodies and aortic bodies
50
carotid bodies
near origin of internal cartodi arteries -sends info through cranial nerve IX
51
aortic bodies
between major branches of aortic arch -sends info through cranial nerve X
52
major somatic sensory pathways
-spinothalamic pathway -posterior column pathway -spinocerebellar pathway
53
somatic sensory pathway
-carry sensory info from skin and muscles of body wall head neck and lumbs to CNS
54
spinothalamic pathway
-crude touch, pressure, pain and temperature -first order nuerons enter spinal cord and synapse within posterior horns -second order nuerons cross to opposite side of spinal cord before ascending -third order nuerons in ventral nuclei of thalamus -sent to primary somatosensorty cortex
55
spinothalamic pathway anterior vs lateral
abterior - crude touch and pressure -lateral - pain and temp
56
lateral spinothalamic photo
57
posterior column pathway
-fine touch, vibration, pressure, proprioception -left and rught gracile fasiculus -left and right cuneate fasiculus -after second order nuweons of grcaile and cuneate nuclei descussate -third order nueron in thalamus -processing in thalamus -nuclei sort info based on nature and region of body involved
58
posterior column pathway photo
59
spinocerebellar pathway
-convey information about positions of muscles, tendons and joints from spinal cord -this info doesnt reach awareness
60
spinocerebellar tracts
-posterior and anterior
61
posterior spinocerebellar tract
-axons do not cross to opposite side of cord -travel through inferior cerebellar peduncle
62
anterior spinocerebellar tract
-sesnations reach cerebellar cortex through superior cerebllar peduncle -many axons cross over twice, once in spinal cord, once in cerebellum
63
posterior tract of spinocerebllar photo
64
visceral sensory pathways
-info collected by interorecptors -primarily within thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities -interreceptors include nociceptors, baroreceptors, thermoreceptors, tactile receptors and chemoreceptors -not as numerous as in somatic tissues

Physiology (12 decks)

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