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Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

how do cells primarily obtain energy

A

-aerobic metabolism

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2
Q

flow of air

A

-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, right and left bronchi, lobar branches, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

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3
Q

what are respiratory broncholes wrapped in

A

-smooth muscle, capillaries, and elastic fibers

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4
Q

surfactant

A

-oily secretion with phospholipids and proteins
-are lipoproteins that are secreted by type II alveolar cells
-coats and lowers alveolar surface tension
-helps maintain lung stability

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5
Q

surfactant coats and lowers alveolar surface tension, how?

A

-by increasing pulmonary compliance
-reducing recoil pressure of smaller alveoli

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6
Q

external respiratorion

A

-all processes involved in exchange of O2 and CO2 with external environment

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7
Q

internal respiration

A

-uptake of O2 and release of CO2 by cells
-cellular respiration

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8
Q

external respiration steps

A

-Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)
-exchange of O2 and CO2 betweena ir in alveoli and blood within the pulmonary capillaries
-transport of gases by the blood between lungs and tissue
-exchange of O2 and CO2 between tissues and blood

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9
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

-physical movement of air into and out of respiratory tract
-provides alveolar ventilation

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10
Q

atomospheric pressirre

A

-weight of earth atmosphere
-has several important physiological effects

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11
Q

one respiratory cycle consists of

A

-an inspiration and expiration

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12
Q

pulmonary ventilation role in chamging pressure

A

-pulmonary ventilation causes volume changes that crete changes in pressure
-the volume of the thoracic cavity changes with expansion or contraction of disaphragm and rib cage

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13
Q

echalation and inhalation active or passive

A

-inhalation is active always
-exhalation can be active or passive

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14
Q

what is the external intercostal muscles innervated by

A

-intercostal nerves-

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15
Q

-diaphragm

A

-dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle seperateing thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
-innervated by the phrenic nerve

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16
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

-external intercostal
-diaphragm

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17
Q

muscles of expiration

A

-internal intercostal
-abdominal muscles

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18
Q

boyles law

A

-gas molecules in a closed container bounce around and create pressure
-make container larger, molecules become further apart and create less pressure
-make container smaller, molecules closer together and create more pressure

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19
Q

inhalation process

A

-elevation of the rib cage and contraction of diaphragm to increase volume of thoracic cavity
-air flows in because of pressure outside if greater than inside
-when pressure increases to level below atmospheric pressure, air is driven in and inhalation occurs

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20
Q

exhalation process

A

-relaxation of diaphragm and muscles of chest wall plus the elastic recoil of the alveoli decrease the size of chest cavity
-lungs are compressed and intra alveolar pressure increases
-when pressure increases to level above atmospheric pressure air is driven out

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21
Q

4 pressures

A

-atmospheric pressure
-alveolar or intra alveolar pressire
-plueral or intraplueral presure
-transpulmonary pressure

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22
Q

alveolar or intra alveolar pressure

A

-pressure inside alveolus
-less than atmospheric (negative) during inspiration and positive during expiration

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23
Q

plueral or intraplueral pressure

A

-pressure between parietal and visceral pluer
-remains lower than atmospheric pressure throughout respiratory cycle
-change in intraplueral pressure creater respiratory pump
-assisys in venous return to the heart

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24
Q

transpulmonary and recoil pressure

A

-pressure difference between alveolar and plueral pressure
-negative due to properties of lung and chest wall
-lungs want to collapseand chest wall want to expant
-positive so it keeps the lungs and alveoli open

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25
forced breathing
-involve active inhalation and exhalation -assisted by accessory muscles
26
queit breathing
-involves active inhaltion and passive exhalation -diaphragmatic breathing/deep breathing is dominated by the diaphragm -codtal breathing or shallow breathing is dominated by rib cage movements
27
elastic rebound
-when muscles of inhalation relax the elastic components of tissues recoil -diaphragm and rib cage return to original positions -responsibel for lungs returning to their pre-inspiratory volume when inspiratory muscles relax at end of inspiration
28
elastic recoil depends on two factors
-highly elastic connective tissue in the lungs -alveolar surface tenion
29
complian e
-ability of lungs to stretch and expand -less compliancy = more work to produce inflation -high complaince = pliable lung = low elastic recoil -low compliance = stiff lung = high elastic recoil
30
factors effecting compliance
-connective tissue of lungs -level of surfactant production -mobility of thoracic cage
31
airway resistance
-air flow depends on the differences in atmospheric and intra-alveolar pressure and the resistance or airways to airflow
32
role of ANS in respiration
-control luminal diamter of bronchioles by regulating smooth muscle -controls airflow in lungs
33
bronchodilation
-enlarged luminal diameter of airway -caused by sympathetic activation -reduces resistance to airflow
34
bronchoconstriction
-reduced luminal diamter of airway -caused by PSNS activation and histamine release
35
Low O2 demands PSNS or SNS
-PSNS -vagus nereve secretes ACh--> stimulates broncholar smooh muscle --> decreases airways radii
36
high O2 demands PSNS or SNS
-SNS dominates when ventilatory demand is increased -NE and E from adrenal medulla --> stimulates B2 receptors on bronchiole smooth muscles --> increase airway radii
37
respiraory rate
-number of breaths per minute
38
respiratory minute volume (VE)
-amount of air moved/min -measures pulmonary ventilation
39
anatomic dead space
-amount of air that doesnt particpate in gas exhange -remains in conducting airways
40
alveolar ventilation
-amount of air reaching alveoli each minute -alveoli contain less O2 than atmospheric air because inhaled air mixed with used air -respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space
41
what is total lung volume measured with
-spirometer
42
tidal volume
-amount of air moved into or out of lungs in 1 breath
43
expiratory reserve volume
-additional amount of air capable of being exhaled
44
-residual volume
-amount of air in lungs after maximal exhalation -minimal volume in a collaped lung
45
inspiratory reserve volume
-additional amount of air that can be inhaled
46
functional residual capacity
-exhalatory reserve volume + residual volume
47
vital capacity
-exhalatory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
48
total lung capacity
-vital capacity + residual volume
49
relationships among Vt, Ve, Va
-for a given respiratory rate: increasing tidal volume increases alveolar ventilation rate -for a given tidal volume: increasing respiratory rate increases alveolar ventilation rate
50
51
diffusion depends on
-partial pressure of gas across membrane -resistance to diffusion of gas across membrane
52
factors that affect the rate of gas exchange
-as partial pressure gradient increases rate of diffusion increases -greater differences in pp of gases the rate of diffusion increases -as SA increases, the rate of diffusion increases -increase in thickness of barrier separating air and blood decreases rate of gas exchange
53
reasons for efficiency of gas exchange
-differences in pp across BAB are large -distances involved in gas exchange are short -O2 and CO2 are lipid soluble -Total SA is large -blood flow and airflow are coordinated -because distance for diffusion is short -O2 and CO2 are small
54
blood air barrier
-alveolar layer -capillary endothelial layer -fused basement membrane between them
55
external respiration photo
56
what transports gas to and from tissues
-red blood cells -plasma cannot transport enough O2 or CO2
57
fully, partially and unsaturated hemoglobin differences
-just as it sounds -SaO2 = oxygen saturation -want 93-95% saturation
58
factors affecting Hb saturation
-PO2 of blood -Blood pH -Temperature -Metabolic activity within RBCs
59
oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve
-a graph relating hemoglobin saturation to partial pressure of oxygen -higher PO2 results in greater Hb saturation -Curve rather than a straight line because Hb changes shape each time a molecule of O2 binds -Each O2 bound makes next O2 bind more easily
60
Oxygen-Hb saturation curve when fluctuations happen
-when pH drops or temp rises: more O2 released, curve shifts to the right, Hb gives up O2 easily -when pH rises or temp drops: less oxygen released, curve shifts left, Hb holds O2 tightly, less O2 released
61
what is the main factor when determining the Hb saturation percentage
-O2 partial pressure -% saturation high when partial pressure O2 high (lungs) -% saturation low where PP of oxygen is low (tissue)
62
hemoglobin and temp
-high temp encourages O2 lrelease -low temp discourages )3 release -temperature effects are siginficant only in active tissues that are generating large amounts of heat
63
BPG
-RBCs use glycolysis which produces lactate and BPG as a biproduct -BPG rises due to increase in pH or some hormones -higher BPG means hogher O2 release -if BPG levels are too low, hemoglobin will not release oxygen
64
carbon monoxide
-binds strongly to hemoglobin -takes the place of O2 -can result in CO posioning
65
3 ways that CO2 can be carried in the bloodstream
-Converted to carbonic acid -bound to hemoglobin within RBC forming carbaminohemogloobin -dissolved gas in plasma
66
carbonic acid fate
CO2--> Carbonic acid --> H+ + HCO3 by carbonic anhydrase --> binds to hemoglobin as bicarbonate
67
how do capillaries maintain equilibirum of diffusion
-local changes in O2 delivery to tissues -local changes to ventilation to perfusion ratio in the lungs -changes in depth and rate of respiration (brain)
68
ventilation to perfusion ratio
-coordinated lung perfusion with alveolar ventilation
69
Rising CO2 levels effect on smooth muscle
-relax smooth muscle in arterioles and capillaries increasing blood flow
70
respiratory rhythmicity centers
-MO -establish rate and rhytym of breathing -DRG and VRG
71
Dorsal respiratory group
-inspiratory center -functions in quiet and forced breathing -quiet: brief activity in DRG stimulates inspiratory muscles, DRG nuerons become inactive allowing passive exhalation
72
ventral respiratory group
-inspiratory and expiratory centers -functions only in forced breathing -increased activity in DRG stimulates VRG and activates accessory inspiraotry muscles -expiratory center nuerons stimulate active exhalation
73
fucntions of apneustic and pneumotaxic center of pons
-paired nuclei that adjust output of respiratory rhytmicity centers that regulate depth and rate of respiration
74
apneustic center provides continous stimulation to
-its DRG center
75
pneumotaxic center inhibits
-apneustic centers -promotes passive or active exhalation -modify rate
76
respiratory centers of the brain photo
77
respiratory centers respond to what sensory info
-chemo receptos sensitive to PCo2, PO2, pH of blood and CSF -stretch receptors responds to lung volume -irritating stimuli in nasal cavity, and broncholes -other sensations including pain, temp, abnormal visceral sensations
78
resp center highly influenced by chemoreceptor input from
-glossopharyngeal IX (changes in blood pH or PO2 in carotid boddies) -vagus nerve (changes in blood pH or PO2 in aortic bodies)
79
what chemoreceptors responds to CSF
-central chemoreceptors on ventrolateral surface of MO
80
chemoreceptor stimulation effects
-increased depth and rate of respiration
81
hypercapnia
-increased aterial PCO2 -caused by hypoventilation -chemoreceptors stimulate respiratory centers to increase rate adn depth of respiration
82
hypocapnia
-abnormally low PCO2 -caused by hyperventilation -chemoreceptor activity decreases and respiratory rate fally
83
blood pressure and respiration
-carotid and aortic baroreceptors stimulation affects blood pressure and respiratory centers -blood pressure falls = respiratory rate increases -blood pressure increases = respiratory rate decreases
84
hering-breuer reflexes
-inflation reflex = prevents overexpansion of lungs -deflation relfex = inhibits expiratory centers and stimulates inspiratory centers during lung deflation
85
protective reflexes
-sneeze, cough , laryngeal spasm -triggered when epithelium encounters toxic vapour, chemical irritants, mechanical stimualtion
86
voluntary control of respiration
-strong emotions increase (hypothalamus) -emotional states can activate both divisions of ANS causing bronchodilation or constriction -anticipation of excersize can increase RR and CO by SNS stimulation

Physiology (12 decks)

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