Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

principles of the cell theory

A
  • the cell is the smallest structural and functional unit capable of carrying out the life process
  • the functional activities of each cell depend on the specific structural properties of the cell
  • cells are the living building blocks of all multicellular organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

principles of the cell theory (cont)

A
  • an organism’s structure and function ultimately depend on the collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities of its cells
  • all new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells
  • because of continuity of life, the cells of all organisms are fundamentally similar in structure and function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cells three major parts

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. nucleus
  3. cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • encloses the cell
  • thin membranous structure
  • keeps ICF within the cells and ECF outside the cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nucleus

A

-houses the cells genetic material DNA and chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A
  • serves as a genetic blueprint during cell replication

- directing protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cell composition

A

water ions: 70-85% of cell mass

proteins: 10-20%
lipids: 2-95%
carbohydrates: 1-6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lipids

A
  • barrier to water and water-soluble substances
  • organized in a bilayer of phospholipid molecules
  • keeps ECF and ICF separated
  • hydrophobic tail- water fearing
  • hydrophilic head- water loving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

proteins

A
  • provide specificity to a membrane

- has integral and peripheral types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

integral proteins

A
  • transmembrane
  • proteins that go through the membrane
  • channels, pores, carriers, enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

peripheral

A
  • polar proteins that do not go all the way through the membrane
  • enzymes, intracellular signal mediators (carry signal in, on the boundary)
  • more commonly found on inner surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

carbohydrate

A
  • located on the outer surface of cells
  • protrude like tiny antennas
  • glycolipids 10%
  • glycoproteins, majority of integral proteins
  • proteoglycans
  • negative charge on chain repels other negative charges
  • cell-cell attachments and interactions
  • play a role in immune reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cholesterol

A
  • varying amounts in membranes
  • increases membrane flexibility and stability
  • in between the phospholipid molecules
  • prevent fatty acid chains from packing together and crystallizing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

organelles

A
  • highly organized structures that serve a specific function

- membranous (bound by a membrane that separates the organelles content from the cytosol) and nonmembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

smooth ER

A
  • serves primarily as a central packaging and discharge site for molecules to be transported
  • abundant in cells specialized in lipid metabolism
  • secretory product into transport vesicles that bud off and move to the Golgi complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rough ER

A
  • studded with ribosomes

- carry out protein synthesis and release new proteins into the ER lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ribosomes

A
  • nonmembranous organelles
  • carry out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chain of amino acids in the ordered sequence from the original DNA code
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Golgi complex

A
  • membranous organelle
  • modifies molecules delivered to it from the smooth ER into finished products
  • sort, packages and directs molecules to appropriate destination
  • in secretory cells, packages proteins for export by exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

exocytosis

A
  • finished products collects within the edges of the Golgi sacs
  • pinched edge forms a membrane-enclosed vesicles containing the selected product
  • the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and empties it contents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lysosomes

A
  • vesicular organelle formed from budding Golgi
  • contains hydrolytic enzymes (phosphatases, nucleases, proteases, lipid-degrading enzymes, lysozymes digest bacteria)
  • fuses with pinocytotic or phagocytotic vesicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pinocytotic

A
  • “cell drinking”
  • a droplet of ECF is taken up nonselectively
  • forms endocytic vesicle (endosome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • “cell eating”
  • large multimolecular particles are internalized
  • certain types of white blood cells
  • pseudopods (false feet) surround or engulf the particle and internalize it as a phagosome
  • lysosome fuses (phagolysosome) and releases its hydrolytic enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lysosomal storage diseases

A
  • absence of one or more hydrolases
  • not synthesized, inactive or not properly sorted and packaged
  • lysosomal become engorged with undigested substrate
24
Q

peroxisome

A
  • similar physically to lysosomes
  • self-replication and contain oxidases
  • function: oxidize substances (alcohol) that may be otherwise poisonous
  • use oxygen to strip hydrogen from certain organic molecules
  • decompose hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
25
Q

endocytosis

A
  • the internalization of extracellular material

- pinocytosis, receptor- mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis

26
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
  • highly selective process
  • allows cell to import specific large molecules that it needs from the environment
  • triggered by a specific target molecule to the surface of the membrane
  • coated with clathrin
27
Q

mitochondria

A
  • they extract energy from the nutrients in food and transform it into a usable form for cell activities
  • enclosed by two membranes
28
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A
  • energy source for cellular work
  • the terminal phosphate bond of ATP is split
  • yielding ADP, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and energy
29
Q

glycolysis

A
  • in cytosol
  • chemical process that break down glucose into two pyruvate molecules
  • produce 2 ATP and 2 NADH
30
Q

citric acid cycle

A
  • pyruvate is transferred into the mitochondrial matrix
  • pyruvate is turned into acetate (makes two NADH) then two acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle
  • two turns make 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
31
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • process by which ATP is synthesized using energy released by electrons as they are transferred to O2
  • inner mitochondrial membrane
  • proteins: electron transport system and ATP synthase
32
Q

electron transport system

A
  • consists of electron carriers found in 4 large stationary protein complexes
  • extract hydrogens held in FADH2 and NADH from the glycolysis and citric acid cycle
  • energy released in used to create a H+ gradient
  • transfers electrons to successively lower energy levels
  • H+ flow down the gradient and activate ATP synthase and synthesize ATP in a process called chemiosmosis
  • aerobic
  • 28 ATP
33
Q

hydrogen carriers

A
  • nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), vitamin B niacin

- flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD), vitamin B riboflavin

34
Q

anaerobic condition

A
  • glycolysis makes 2 ATP
  • no O2 available
  • makes lactate
35
Q

vaults

A
  • hollow, nonmembranous, octagonal structures
  • believed to pick up particles for transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
  • may transport mRNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis
  • play a role in drug resistance
36
Q

centrioles

A

form and organize microtubules during assembly of the mitotic spindle during cell division and form cilia and flagella

37
Q

cytosol

A
  • 55% of cell volume
  • semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles
  • contains vesicles and enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism and ribosomes protein synthesis
  • storage of unused nutrients in the form of glycogen granules or fat droplets (inclusions)
38
Q

intermediary metabolism

A

the collectively large set of chemical reactions inside the cell that involve the degradation, synthesis and transformation of small organic molecules

39
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • contain microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
  • dispersed throughout the cytosol that supports and organizes the cell components and controlling their movements
40
Q

microtubles

A
  • made of tublin
  • largest, slender, long, hollow, unbranched tubes
  • maintain asymmetric cell shapes
  • highway for intracellular transport by molecular motors
  • main component of cilia and flagella
  • make up mitotic spindle, moves chromosome (prophase, metaphase, and anaphase)
41
Q

cilia

A

short, tine hair like protrusions usually found in large number of surfaces

42
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

43
Q

microfilaments

A
  • made up of actin
  • important in various cellular contractile systems
  • amoeboid movement and muscle contraction
  • mechanical stiffeners for microvilli
44
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • made up of different proteins in different cell types
  • irregular threadlike proteins that help cells resist mechanical stress
  • abundant in skin cells where they are composed of keratin
45
Q

lysosomal storage disease: hurler’s syndrome

A
  • iduronidase def
  • cornea clouding, mental retardation
  • mucopolysaccharides build up
46
Q

lysosomal storage disease: Hunter’s syndrome

A
  • iduronate sulfatase def
  • milder form of hurler’s
  • no corneal clouding
  • mild mental retardation
  • heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate build up
47
Q

Golgi I cell disease

A
  • impaired post-translation modification

- unable to add mannose which serve as marker for them to be normally a target to lysosomes and secreted out of the cell

48
Q

mitochondrial dysfunction

A
  • maternal inheritance
  • Laber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
  • loss of vision in the center of visual fiels
  • less mitochondrial function
  • less energy in optic nerve and retina
49
Q

microfilaments- G (globular) actin

A

-listeria spreads cell to cell by inducing actin polymerization

50
Q

epidermolysis bullosa

A
  • intermediate filaments

- blister formation due to mechinal stress

51
Q

microtubules - tubulin

A

immotile cilia syndrome and male infertility

-antimitotic drugs: colchicine inhibit microtubule function

52
Q

hereditary spherocytosis

A
  • mutated spectrin gene
  • spectrin protein in RBC membrane
  • spherical, unstable, inflexible, rupture within blood vessels
  • lodged in spleen
  • less RBC
53
Q

kartagener’s syndrome

A
  • structures that make up the cilia
  • inner and or outer dynein arms
  • central apparatus, radial spokes, ect are missing or dysfunctional and thus the axoneme structure lacks the ability to move
  • axonemes: elongated structures that make up cilia and flagella
  • PCD: primary ciliary dyskinesis
  • cilia dysmotility- triad of bronchiestasis, chronic sinusitis and situs inversus
54
Q

membranous organelles

A
  • ER
  • Golgi complex
  • lysosomes
  • peroxisomes
  • mitochondria
55
Q

nonmembraneous organelles

A
  • ribosomes
  • vaults
  • centrosomes with centrioles

Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions