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Physiology > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the immune system

A
  • defending against invading pathogens
  • removing worn out cells and tissue damage
  • preparing for wound healing/tissue repair
  • immune surveillance
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2
Q

pathogens

A

-disease producing microorganisms

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3
Q

immune surveillance

A

-identification and destroying abnormal cell that have originated in the body

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4
Q

leukocytes

A
  • carry out major actions of the immune system
  • include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
  • reinforced by plasma protein
  • cell up cellular debris, preparing for tissue repair
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5
Q

immunity

A
  • the body’s ability to protect itself by resisting or eliminating potentially harmful foreign invaders
  • innate and adaptive responses
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6
Q

innate response

A
  • nonspecific, born with it
  • responds that non-selectively defend against foreign material
  • first line defense
  • works immediately
    includes: inflammation, interferon, NK cells and complement system
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7
Q

adaptive response

A
  • specific (lymphocytes, b and t cells)

- selectively target particular invader

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8
Q

inflammation

A
  • nonspecific response to foreign invasion/ tissue damage

- mediated by phagocytes

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9
Q

inflammation function

A
  • isolate, destroy, inactivate the pathogen
  • remove debris
  • prepare for healing and repair
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10
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation (PRISH)

A
  • dolor (pain)
  • rubor (redness)
  • function laesa (loss of function, inflammation) (might happen)
  • tumor (swelling)
  • calor (heat)
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11
Q

interferon

A

-released by virus-infected cells and inhibits viral multiplication in other cells

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12
Q

natural killer cells

A

-lyse and destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells

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13
Q

complement system

A
  • directly destroys the foreign invaders by lysing their membranes
  • enhances inflammation
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14
Q

adaptive immunity

A
  • includes antibody- mediated immunity

- cell-mediated immunity

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15
Q

antibody-mediated immunity

A
  • the production of antibodies by B-lymphocyte derivatives (plasma cells)
  • each B-lymphocyte has surface receptors for the binding of one particular type of antigen
  • antigen stimulates B-cells to convert into plasma cells that produce antibodies
  • produce memory cells
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16
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A
  • the production of activated T lymphocytes

- directly attack unwanted cells

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17
Q

T cells in thymus

A
  • pre T cells then thymus
  • self vs. non-self
  • selection: positive and negative
  • negative: cells get deleted
  • positive: cells mature
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18
Q

B cell characteristics

A
  • from bone marrow
  • antibodies inserted in the plasma
  • highly specific
  • formation of memory cells
  • antibody-mediated
  • bacteria
  • short life span
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19
Q

T cells characteristics

A
  • from bone marrow
  • matured in thymus
  • highly specific
  • bind with self-antigen, like virus-infected cells
  • cell-mediated
  • cytokines
  • long life span
  • lyse virus-infected and cancer cells
  • CD4 and CD8
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20
Q

memory cells

A
  • produce faster, stronger secondary response
  • subsequent exposure to same antigen
  • remain in system
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21
Q

antibody structure

A
  • Y shaped molecules
  • antigen binding sites on the tip of each arm
  • determine which antigen the antibody can combine
  • tail determines what the antibody does when it binds with the antigen
  • IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD
22
Q

antibody function

A
  • do not directly destroy antigenic material
  • effect through neutralization or agglutination or by intensifying innate immune response
  • activate complement system, enhance phagocytosis, stimulate NK cells
23
Q

agglutination

A

-clumping of antigenic cell

24
Q

opsonization

A

-enhancement of phagocytosis

25
Q

primary immune response

A
  • initial contact with a microbial antigen
  • delayed for several days until plasma cells are formed
  • peaks: couple of weeks
  • memory cells produced
  • clonal selection theory
26
Q

secondary immune response

A
  • the same antigen reappears memory cells produce rapid, more potent, and longer lasting secondary response
  • prevents/minimizes infection forming long-term immunity against a specific disease
27
Q

IgG

A
  • 80-85%, most common
  • only one that crosses placenta
  • IgG levels will do down, baby will make own antibodies, takes time
  • secondary immune response
28
Q

IgA

A
  • mucosal areas
  • saliva
  • tears
  • breast milk
29
Q

IgD

A
  • antigen receptor on B cells
  • activates basophils and mast cells
  • produce antimicrobial factors
30
Q

IgE

A

-allergies and parasitic infections

31
Q

IgM

A
  • early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG
  • primary immune response
32
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A
  • T cells bind directly with target
  • antibodies are not produced
  • activated by a foreign antigen when on “self” cell
  • self- antigens aka major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (markers)
33
Q

class I MHC self-antigens

A
  • cytotoxic T cell

- CD8+

34
Q

class II MHC self- antigen

A
  • helper T cell

- CD4+

35
Q

types of T cells

A
  • cytotoxic
  • helper
  • regulatory
36
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A
  • targets virally invaded cells and cancer cells
  • releases perforin into the membrane
  • releases granzymes
37
Q

perforin

A
  • cytotoxic T cells

- creates a hole punching complex that inserts into the cell

38
Q

granzymes

A
  • cytotoxic T cells

- trigger cell to undergo apoptosis

39
Q

helper T cells

A
  • bind with other immune cells

- release cytokines that enhance the activity of other cells

40
Q

regulatory T cells

A
  • secrete cytokines

- suppress other immune cells ensuring the immune system does not overact

41
Q

immune disease

A
  • immunodeficiency

- inappropriate immune attacks

42
Q

immunodeficiency disease

A
  • characterized by insufficient immune response
  • congenital or acquired
  • impairment of antibody- mediated, cell- mediated or both
  • HIV leads to AIDS
43
Q

inappropriate immune attacks

A
  • characterized by excessive or inappropriate immune responses
  • allergies: against harmless environmental substances
  • two types: immediate and delayed hypersensitivities
44
Q

severe combined immunodeficiency

A
  • congenital condition

- person born without B and T cells

45
Q

immediate hypersensitivities

A
  • involving the production of IgE antibodies by B cells
  • within 20 minutes
  • antibody-mediated immunity
  • B cells, IgE, mast cells, basophils, histamine
46
Q

delayed hypersensitivities

A
  • more slowly responding T cells against the allergen
  • TB test
  • 1-3 days
  • cell- mediated immunity
  • T cells
47
Q

external defenses

A
  • body surfaces exposed to the outside environment serve as mechanical barriers
  • enter through digestive, urogenital or respiratory system
  • nonspecific immune strategies
48
Q

acquired immunity

A
  • naturally acquired

- artificially acquired

49
Q

naturally acquired

A
  • active: infection, contact with pathogen

- passive: antibodies passed from the mother

50
Q

artificially acquired

A
  • active: vaccine of active virus

- passive: ready made antibodies, gamma globlin

Physiology (13 decks)

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