Immunity

Question 1

non specific defense (innate)

Answer 1

consists of first line of defense skin, mucous membranes, secretions

the second line of defense phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, the inflammatory response

Question 2

specific defense (adaptive)

Answer 2

the third line of defense lymphocytes, antibodies

Question 3

functions of the immune system

Answer 3

defending against pathogens, removing worn out damaged cells, preparing for wound healing, immune surveillance

Question 4

immune surveillance

Answer 4

the identification and destroying of abnormal cells that have originated in the body

Question 5

inflammation

Answer 5

innate defense, first line, non-specific response to pathogen or tissue damage comma mediated by phagocytes

Question 6

how does inflammation work?

Answer 6

stimulated by bacterial Invasion or tissue damage, release of histamine by mast cells, vasodilation and increased local capillary permeability, increased blood delivery, increase in plasma proteins clotting factors and phagocytes, defense against pathogen and tissue repair

Question 7

signs of inflammation

Answer 7

redness (rubor), heat(calor), swelling(edema), pain,(dolor), sometimes loss of function

Question 8

interferon

Answer 8

if a cell is infected by a virus, the cell will release interferon as a warning to other cells, prevents virus from multiplying

Question 9

natural killer cells

Answer 9

lyce and Destroy viral infected cells and cancer cells

Question 10

complement system

Answer 10

lyces the membrane of the pathogen and enhances inflammation

Question 11

membrane attack complex

Answer 11

attacks the membrane of pathogen and forms a hole, made from c5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9.

Question 12

C3 convertase

Answer 12

splits C3 in two parts A and B

Question 13

c3a

Answer 13

enhances inflammation

Question 14

c3b

Answer 14

coats things with opsonin to mark them as trash and notify phagocytes to engulf

Question 15

opsonin

Answer 15

used in opsonization, Marc’s things as trash for phagocytosis

Question 16

c-5a

Answer 16

enhances inflammation

Question 17

C5b

Answer 17

forms the MAC

Question 18

adaptive immunity

Answer 18

specific, antibody mediated immunity

Question 19

antibody mediated immunity

Answer 19

production of antibodies by B lymphocytes, B cells make plasma cells, plasma cells make antibodies, some B cells become memory cells

Question 20

antibodies

Answer 20

antigen binding sites on the tip of each arm determine what kind of antigen the antibody can bind to. V arms of the antibody are variable, C arms of the antibody are constant

Question 21

outcomes of antigen binding to antibody

Answer 21

neutralization, agglutination, intensifying innate immune response, notifying natural killer cells

Question 22

IgG

Answer 22

eighty-two 85% of antibodies, most common comma crosses placenta and can give immunity to fetus comma will decrease over time so newborn has to make its own, in secondary immune response

Question 23

IgA

Answer 23

mucosal areas, saliva, tears, breast milk

Question 24

IgD

Answer 24

an antigen receptor on the B cells , activates basophils and mast cells

Question 25

IgE

Answer 25

allergies, parasitic infections

Question 26

IgM

Answer 26

eliminates infection in early stages before there is sufficient IgG, in primary immune response

Question 27

primary immune response

Answer 27

occurs during the first-ever contact with a microbial antigen, antibody response is delayed for several days until plasma cells are formed comma reaches a peak in a couple of weeks, memory cells are produced

Question 28

secondary response

Answer 28

when the same antigen appears again, memory cells produce rapid more potent and longer-lasting response, prevents or minimizes the infection

Question 29

cell mediated immunity

Answer 29

activated T lymphocytes, directly attack unwanted cells, T cells bind directly with their target, activated by a foreign antigen

Question 30

pre T cells

Answer 30

go through the thymus to mature and be educated as clones comma they learn self vs non-self. the ones that are good are positively selected, the ones that attack self cells are negatively selected and get destroyed

Question 31

types of mature t cells

Answer 31

CD4 helper T Cells/ CD8 cytotoxic T-cells

Question 32

MHC Markers

Answer 32

self antigen

Question 33

Class 1 MHC

Answer 33

carries self antigen so that the T Cell receptor can recognize it comma used with CD8+ T cells

Question 34

Class 2 MHC

Answer 34

used for CD4 + helper cells

Question 35

antigen presenting cells

Answer 35

can be dendritic cells, or macrophages

Question 36

epitope

Answer 36

specific part of the antigen that the cells can recognize

Question 37

perforin

Answer 37

create perforations in the membrane

Question 38

CD4 helper T cells

Answer 38

bind with other immune cells and release cytokines that enhance other cell activity

Question 39

regulatory T cells

Answer 39

secrete cytokines that suppress other immune cells ensuring the immune system does not over react

Question 40

immunodeficiency diseases

Answer 40

characterized by insufficient immune responses

Question 41

inappropriate immune attacks

Answer 41

characterized by excessive or inappropriate immune responses

Question 42

SCID

Answer 42

no b or t cells, bubble boy

Question 43

allergies

Answer 43

inappropriate immune attacks against harmless environmental substances

Question 44

immediate hypersensitivities

Answer 44

involving production of IgE antibodies by B cells

Question 45

delayed hypersensitivities

Answer 45

involving more slowly responding T cell response against the allergen

Question 46

macrophages

Answer 46

destroy the free virus by phagocytosis, process and present the viral antigen to helper T cells, activate B & T cell clones specific to the viral antigen

Question 47

hypersensitivity

Answer 47

allergies enter the body for the first time, allergens bind to B cell receptors, clonal expansion, activated plasma cells secrete ige antibodies active against the allergen, histamine release

Question 48

mast cells

Answer 48

release histamine