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Physiology > Skin And Spatial Senses > Flashcards

Skin And Spatial Senses Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

sensory receptors

A

peripheral endings of afferent neurons

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2
Q

signal transduction

A

converts stimuli from energy to electric signals

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3
Q

nocireceptors

A

respond to tissue damage or distortion

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4
Q

stratum cornium

A

dead

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5
Q

papillary dermis

A

epidermis 20%

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6
Q

reticular dermis

A

dermis 80%

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7
Q

subcutaneous

A

hypodermis, fatty layer

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8
Q

stratum basal

A

stratum germinativum, living, continuously dividing to create new skin, takes 30 days to get to top

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9
Q

hair receptor

A

responds to movement and gentile touch

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10
Q

Merkel’s receptors

A

light touch

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11
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

vibrations and deep pressure

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12
Q

Ruffini endings

A

stretching of the skin and deep pressure

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13
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

light, fluttering touch

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14
Q

psoriasis

A

from over active stratum basal

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15
Q

receptor potentials

A

small potential changes in receptor, if strong enough, will change to action potentials

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16
Q

separate receptor cell

A

receptor which needs a neurotransmitter bound in order to work

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17
Q

specialized afferent ending

A

a receptor in which the end is attached- faster than separate receptor cell

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18
Q

tonic receptors

A

do not adapt or adapt very slowly

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19
Q

phasic receptor

A

adapt rapidly

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20
Q

perception

A

the conscious interpretation of the external world

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21
Q

sensation

A

unconscious interpretation

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22
Q

3 types of pain receptors

A

mechanical, thermal, polymodal

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23
Q

polymodal receptors

A

can detect multiple types of pain

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24
Q

substance P

A

neurotransmitter in the spinal cord for pain

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25
endogenous opiates
inhibits binding of substance P in defending pathway
26
fast pathways
afferent, carry sharp, prickling pain signals, myelinated with a large diameter
27
slow pathways
afferent, carry dull aching persistent pain signals, unmyelinated with a small diameter
28
canal of schlemm
drains aqueous humor
29
aqueous humor
made by ciliary body, in the front of eye, drains into blood, glaucoma
30
vitreous humor
made only once at birth, in back of eye
31
choroid
middle vascular layer
32
ciliary body
controls lens shape, makes aqueous humor
33
iris
controls amount of light entering eye
34
pupil
opening through which light enters
35
sclera
tough outer layer, connective tissue, white part
36
cornea
transparent outer layer
37
blind spot
has no rods or cones
38
fovia
small depression in center of retina with greatest resolution, only cones, no bipolar or ganglion cells
39
macula lutea
area immediately surrounding fovia, extremely high acuity due to abundance of cones, also has bipolar and ganglion cells
40
retina
innermost, has 5 layers
41
nervous tissue layer of retina
rods and cones found here
42
pigmented layer of retina
absorbs light after it passes rods and cones
43
refraction
bending of light
44
convex
converge
45
concave
diverge
46
accommodation
adjusting strength of lens by changing its shape, regulated by ciliary muscles
47
emmetropia
normal vision
48
myopia
nearsighted, eyeball too long, focus falls in front of the retina, fixed with concave lens
49
hyperopia
farsightedness, eyeball too short, focus falls behind the retina, fixed with convex lens
50
astigmatism
misshapen lens, given a degree of affliction
51
neural retina 3 layers
rods and cones (outermost), bipolar (middle), ganglion cells (innermost)
52
opsin
component of a photopigment, an integral protein in the plasma membrane
53
retinal
a component of a photopigment, a derivative of vitamin A that absorbs light
54
phototransduction
the process of converting light stimuli into electrical signals
55
ceruminous glands
glands that make ear wax
56
pitch or tone is determines by..
frequency of sound waves
57
intensity or loudness is determines by..
amplitude of sound waves
58
beginning of basilar membrane
detects high frequency waves
59
middle of basilar membrane
detects medium frequency waves
60
end of basilar membrane (helicotrema)
detects low frequency waves
61
equilibrium
sense of body orientation and motion
62
vestibular apparatus
consists of the semicircular canals and the otolith organs
63
semicircular canals
rotational or angular acceleration or deceleration of the head
64
Labyrinth
chamber inside semicircular canals that contain fluid called endolymph and perilymph
65
ampulla
dilations at the ends of the semicircular canals with triangular cristae inside of them that detect dynamic rotation
66
otolith organs
detect changes in rate of linear movement and provide info about head position in relation to gravity
67
otolyth layer
crystals of calcium carbonate inside otolyth organs, when one is walking, they are bent, which leads to a receptor potential, which leads to an action potential
68
vestibular projections
signals from the vestibular apparatus are carried through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the vestibular nuclei, this information is used in maintaining balance, posture, eyebl movement, and orientation
69
umami
amino acids
70
Bowman's cells
goblet cells in nose
71
olfactory bulb
contains glomeruli and mitral cells which transfer messages to the brain, they both come together to make the olfactory nerve

Physiology (13 decks)

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