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Physiology > Skin And Spatial Senses > Flashcards

Skin And Spatial Senses Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

peripheral endings of afferent neurons

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2
Q

signal transduction

A

converts stimuli from energy to electric signals

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3
Q

nocireceptors

A

respond to tissue damage or distortion

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4
Q

stratum cornium

A

dead

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5
Q

papillary dermis

A

epidermis 20%

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6
Q

reticular dermis

A

dermis 80%

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7
Q

subcutaneous

A

hypodermis, fatty layer

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8
Q

stratum basal

A

stratum germinativum, living, continuously dividing to create new skin, takes 30 days to get to top

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9
Q

hair receptor

A

responds to movement and gentile touch

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10
Q

Merkel’s receptors

A

light touch

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11
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

vibrations and deep pressure

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12
Q

Ruffini endings

A

stretching of the skin and deep pressure

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13
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

light, fluttering touch

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14
Q

psoriasis

A

from over active stratum basal

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15
Q

receptor potentials

A

small potential changes in receptor, if strong enough, will change to action potentials

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16
Q

separate receptor cell

A

receptor which needs a neurotransmitter bound in order to work

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17
Q

specialized afferent ending

A

a receptor in which the end is attached- faster than separate receptor cell

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18
Q

tonic receptors

A

do not adapt or adapt very slowly

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19
Q

phasic receptor

A

adapt rapidly

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20
Q

perception

A

the conscious interpretation of the external world

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21
Q

sensation

A

unconscious interpretation

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22
Q

3 types of pain receptors

A

mechanical, thermal, polymodal

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23
Q

polymodal receptors

A

can detect multiple types of pain

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24
Q

substance P

A

neurotransmitter in the spinal cord for pain

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25
Q

endogenous opiates

A

inhibits binding of substance P in defending pathway

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26
Q

fast pathways

A

afferent, carry sharp, prickling pain signals, myelinated with a large diameter

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27
Q

slow pathways

A

afferent, carry dull aching persistent pain signals, unmyelinated with a small diameter

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28
Q

canal of schlemm

A

drains aqueous humor

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29
Q

aqueous humor

A

made by ciliary body, in the front of eye, drains into blood, glaucoma

30
Q

vitreous humor

A

made only once at birth, in back of eye

31
Q

choroid

A

middle vascular layer

32
Q

ciliary body

A

controls lens shape, makes aqueous humor

33
Q

iris

A

controls amount of light entering eye

34
Q

pupil

A

opening through which light enters

35
Q

sclera

A

tough outer layer, connective tissue, white part

36
Q

cornea

A

transparent outer layer

37
Q

blind spot

A

has no rods or cones

38
Q

fovia

A

small depression in center of retina with greatest resolution, only cones, no bipolar or ganglion cells

39
Q

macula lutea

A

area immediately surrounding fovia, extremely high acuity due to abundance of cones, also has bipolar and ganglion cells

40
Q

retina

A

innermost, has 5 layers

41
Q

nervous tissue layer of retina

A

rods and cones found here

42
Q

pigmented layer of retina

A

absorbs light after it passes rods and cones

43
Q

refraction

A

bending of light

44
Q

convex

A

converge

45
Q

concave

A

diverge

46
Q

accommodation

A

adjusting strength of lens by changing its shape, regulated by ciliary muscles

47
Q

emmetropia

A

normal vision

48
Q

myopia

A

nearsighted, eyeball too long, focus falls in front of the retina, fixed with concave lens

49
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness, eyeball too short, focus falls behind the retina, fixed with convex lens

50
Q

astigmatism

A

misshapen lens, given a degree of affliction

51
Q

neural retina 3 layers

A

rods and cones (outermost), bipolar (middle), ganglion cells (innermost)

52
Q

opsin

A

component of a photopigment, an integral protein in the plasma membrane

53
Q

retinal

A

a component of a photopigment, a derivative of vitamin A that absorbs light

54
Q

phototransduction

A

the process of converting light stimuli into electrical signals

55
Q

ceruminous glands

A

glands that make ear wax

56
Q

pitch or tone is determines by..

A

frequency of sound waves

57
Q

intensity or loudness is determines by..

A

amplitude of sound waves

58
Q

beginning of basilar membrane

A

detects high frequency waves

59
Q

middle of basilar membrane

A

detects medium frequency waves

60
Q

end of basilar membrane (helicotrema)

A

detects low frequency waves

61
Q

equilibrium

A

sense of body orientation and motion

62
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

consists of the semicircular canals and the otolith organs

63
Q

semicircular canals

A

rotational or angular acceleration or deceleration of the head

64
Q

Labyrinth

A

chamber inside semicircular canals that contain fluid called endolymph and perilymph

65
Q

ampulla

A

dilations at the ends of the semicircular canals with triangular cristae inside of them that detect dynamic rotation

66
Q

otolith organs

A

detect changes in rate of linear movement and provide info about head position in relation to gravity

67
Q

otolyth layer

A

crystals of calcium carbonate inside otolyth organs, when one is walking, they are bent, which leads to a receptor potential, which leads to an action potential

68
Q

vestibular projections

A

signals from the vestibular apparatus are carried through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the vestibular nuclei, this information is used in maintaining balance, posture, eyebl movement, and orientation

69
Q

umami

A

amino acids

70
Q

Bowman’s cells

A

goblet cells in nose

71
Q

olfactory bulb

A

contains glomeruli and mitral cells which transfer messages to the brain, they both come together to make the olfactory nerve

Physiology (13 decks)

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