cell recognition and the immune system.- 3.2.4

Question 1

where do b-lymphocytes mature?

Answer 1

the bone marrow.

Question 2

what is an antigen?

Answer 2

-part of an organism that is recognised as non self (specific tertiary structure) by the immune system and stimulates a response.

Question 3

where do t-lymphocytes mature?

Answer 3

thymus .

Question 4

phagocytes and lymphocytes are involved in destroying microorganisms. Describe how ?

Answer 4

-Antigens engulf the pathogen
-Enclosed in a vacoule.
-Lysosomes have enzymes that hydrolyse the pathogen.

Question 5

what are the types of lymphocytes

Answer 5

B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes

Question 6

what is a b lymphocyte

Answer 6

involved in humoral immunity
(antibodies that are present in bodily fluids)

Question 7

what is a t-lymphocyte?

Answer 7

associated with cell mediated immunity.

Question 8

where are b-lymphocytes made?

Answer 8

-bone marrow

Question 9

where are t-lymphocytes made

Answer 9

bone marrow

Question 10

what is the first stage of cell mediated immunity

Answer 10

-invaded PATHOGENS are ingested and digested by MACROPHAGES.
-antigens on the cell surface membrane of the pathogen are DISPLAYED on the CSM of the macrophage.

Question 11

what is the second stage of cell mediated immunity?

Answer 11

receptors on certain T-Helpers fit exactly onto displayed antigens

Question 12

what s the third stage of cell mediated immunity

Answer 12

the attachment allows for T-cells to divide rapidly by MITOSIS.
-forming a clone of genetically identical cell.

Question 13

what can T-cells do?

Answer 13

-activate cytotoxic T-cells.

Question 14

what do T-cells stimulate?

Answer 14

B-cells allowing it to divide and secrete their antibody.

Question 15

what can T-cells develop into?

Answer 15

-memory cells that enable rapid responses to future infections by the same pathogens.

Question 16

why do T-cells stimulate pathgocytes

Answer 16

-in order to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis.

Question 17

what do to cytotoxic T-cells do?

Answer 17

kill abnormal body cells
& body cells infected by pathogen #
by producing a protein.

Question 18

what is the protein produced by cytotoxic T-cells?

Answer 18

perforin

Question 19

what does perforin do?

Answer 19

make holes/pores in the cell surface membrane of pathogen.
-it becomes fully permeable.

Question 20

where are the antigens found in response to b-lymphocytes

Answer 20

-humoral
-in the blood stream.

Question 21

what is the process in which an anitgen enters a b-cell

Answer 21

endocytosis.

Question 22

what happens when an antigen enters the bloodstream

Answer 22

the B-cell with complimentary antibodies attaches to antigen.

Question 23

what does the t-helper cell do in response to a b-cell binding onto the antigen.

Answer 23

-binds to antigen
-stimulates b-cells to divide—> mitosis
= clones of identical b-cells.

Question 24

what do b-cells difrentiate into?

Answer 24

-plasma cells
-memory cells

Question 25

what do plasma cells make?

Answer 25

antibodies

Question 26

what is the life span of plasma cells?

Answer 26

-short life span.

Question 27

plasma cell rapidly produce antibodies, TRUE or FALSE

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

what do memory cells divide into? (mitosis)

Answer 28

-plasma cells -memory cells

Question 29

what is the life span of memory cells ?

Answer 29

can last for many decades.

Question 30

why are memory cells essential in secondary immune responses?

Answer 30

-an increased quantity of antibodies secreted at a faster rate.

Question 31

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 31

-subsequent destruction of ingested pathogens by lysozymes.

Question 32

what evidence shows that an antibody has a quaternary structure?

Answer 32

-has multiple polypeptide chains.

Question 33

explain why the antibody will only detect the antigen?

Answer 33

-specific sequence of amino acids in variable region -specific tertiary structure. -therefore is only complimentary to one type of antigen.

Question 34

what is the first stage of ELISA testing

Answer 34

add antigen to well

Question 35

what happens when the serum is added to the well (ELISA testing)

Answer 35

the monoclonal antibodies will bind to antigen.

Question 36

when the monoclonal antibody is produced what can we depict from that? (ElSA)

Answer 36

-the disease is present in the body. (we dont know yet)

Question 37

why is the well washed?

Answer 37

to remove antibodies that havent binded

Question 38

why is an enzyme linked anti-HSG bined to the first antibody

Answer 38

-it allows for a colourless substrate to be added -in order to produce products.

Question 39

what happens when a product is produced?

Answer 39

-a visible colour change. -showing tested positive

Question 40

what is the first process of phagocytosis

Answer 40

white blood cell detects the pathogen because of antigen. -the antibodies bind onto the antigen.

Question 41

what is the second process of phagocytosis

Answer 41

endocytosis occurs and the pathogen is engulfed.

Question 42

what is created when the pathogen is engulfed?

Answer 42

phagocytotic vacoule

Question 43

what happens when the phagocytic vacoule is created?

Answer 43

the lysosomes fuses with the vacoule

Question 44

what do the lysozymes do to the vacoule

Answer 44

it hydrolyses it with its enzymes.

Question 45

what happens after the vacoule is hydrolysed

Answer 45

antigens are presented on the CSM of the WBC. which triggers an immune response.