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From Flashcardlet > cell reproduction/genetics > Flashcards

cell reproduction/genetics Flashcards

0
Q

Simplest;bacteria make a copy of their DNA, then the bacteria splits into 2 new cells

A

Binary fission

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1
Q

Why do cells divide?

A
  • to maintain a workable ratio of volume to surface area, so they can continue to grow and maintain easy transport of materials by diffusion.
  • to increase the total number of cells so an organism can grow.
  • cell division allows organisms to replace or repair worn out,old,or damaged cells.
  • to reproduce
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2
Q

Yeast, “pinching” off a small part of the cell with a copy of DNA.

A

Budding

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3
Q

Molds and fungi, like a “mini” cell or seed; a cell wall forms around a copy of the chromosomes (DNA).

A

Spores

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4
Q

Plants strawberries, plants send out runners that take root (for example kudzu)

A

Vegetative propagation

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5
Q

Starfish, growing out a new individual from a fragment. Regeneration is re growing a body part that was lost or damaged

A

Fragmentation or regeneration

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6
Q

In somatic cells, somatic cells are all of the cells of the body except the reproductive cells.

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

Sex cells

A

Gametes

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8
Q

Joining of sperm and egg, which forms a new cell called a zygote.

A

Fertilization

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9
Q

Fertilization in reptiles, birds, and mammals are….

A

Internal

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10
Q

Fertilization in fish and invertebrates are…

A

External

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11
Q

The carrier of genetic information

A

Chromosome

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12
Q

They consist of two arms called chromatids that are joined near the middle by a centromere

A

Chromosome

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13
Q

When the cell is not dividing, they form a diffused mass of long, thin fibers called chromatin

A

Chromosome

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14
Q

During division, the chromatin coil up and contract to form shorter, thick things that are visible under a light microscope.

A

Chromosome

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15
Q

The time in between cell divisions where preparations are made for the cell division. Up to 90% of the time is spent in this phase.

A

Interphase

16
Q

The division of the nucleus of the cell and has 4 parts/phases.

A

Mitosis

17
Q

The division of the cytoplasm (which includes the organelles)

A

Cytokinesis

18
Q

Growth of the cell and duplication of the cell’s organelles. The genetic material is in the form of 46 chromatids. (Short time) Restriction point: there is a point late in this phase known as restriction point which must be overcome for cell division to occur.

A

G1 Phase

19
Q

The genetic information is in the form of chromatin or (unraveled chromosomes) so they can be easily copied. There are now 23 homologous pairs or 46 individual “chromosomes” in the cell. This phase only lasts a short time.

A

S phase or synthesis

20
Q

The cell grows to its maximum size . The chromosomes genetic material is in the chromatin state, 23 homologous pairs or 46. The cell is in this state most of the time.

A

G2 phase

21
Q

The division of the nucleus of the cell and has 4 parts. Cytokinesis will also be occurring at the same time.

A

Mitosis

22
Q

The nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibers begin to form, and the genetic material is in chromosome state.

A

Prophase

23
Q

The chromosomes line up at the equator of the nucleus, spindle fibers coming from the centrioles attach to the chromosomes at the centromeres, and the genetic material is in the chromosome state.

A

Metaphase

24
Q

The chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers. 46 chromatids going toward each end of the cell and cytokinesis begins.

A

Anaphase

25
Q

Two nuclear membranes reappear, the centrioles get out of the way, cytokinesis finishes, and there are now two identical daughter cells enter G1 Phase, each with 46 chromatids which will quickly turn into a chromatin state and double during the S phase of interphase to give each body cell 23 pairs of chromosomes.

A

Telophase

26
Q

What are some differences in plant and animal cell mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis is carried out differently, in plants cytokinesis is initiated by cell plate formation, and in animals cytokinesis is initiated by cleavage furrow formation.

27
Q

Somatic cells are diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid (2n)

28
Q

Gametes are haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid(n)

29
Q

How are somatic cells formed?

A

Mitosis

30
Q

The nuclear me fans disappears, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibers begin to form, and the genetic material coils into the chromosome state with 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes. The homologous chromosomes pair with their replicate to form a tetrad.

A

Prophase 1

31
Q

The tetrad line up at the equator of the nucleus, spindle fibers coming from the centrioles attach to the tetrad at the centromeres, and the genetic material is in the chromosome state (46 individual chromosomes).

A

Metaphase 1

32
Q

The tetrad are piled apart by spindle fibers and the homologous chromosomes are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell, cytokinesis begins, and 46 chromatids going toward each end of the cell.

A

Anaphase 1

33
Q

Homologous chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell, two nuclear membranes reappear, and cytokinesis finishes

A

Telophase 1

34
Q

After meiosis 1 what two things happen?

A

Two daughter cells with 46 chromatids which may return to chemist in state, but before meiosis 2 there is no second interphase.

35
Q

The nuclear membranes disappear (if they reformed), centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell and form a new spindle around the paired chromatids, and the genetic material could into chromosome state(if it uncoiled).

A

Prophase 2

36
Q

The chromosomes line up at the equator on both daughter cells and spindle fibers attach to the centromeres.

A

Metaphase 2

37
Q

Hemp arises are pulled to opposite ends of the cell and cytokinesis begins in both cells.

A

Metaphase 2

38
Q

Nuclear membranes reappears, centrioles get out of the way, and four cells(gametes) are formed with a haploid number of chromosomes.

A

Telophase 2

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