Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology HL 11 > Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Cell Respiration Flashcards

Unit 3: Photosynthesis and Respiration

1
Q

What are our major biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the characteristics of nucleotides

A

They are composed of 3 parts: a nitrogen containing base, a 5 carbon sugar and one or more phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What make ATP useful as the distributor of energy in cells

A
  • Soluble in water (Moves freely)
  • Stable at neutral pH
  • Does not freely pass through plasma membrane, movement can be controlled by the cell
  • 3rd phosphate can be easily removed and reattached (hydrolysis and condensation)
  • The removal of the 3rd phosphate releases a small amount of energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do cells in ATP for?

A
  1. Making macromolescules
  2. Active Transport
  3. Movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characteristics of ATP?

A

They are energy rich molecules need to be converted into a useable form in cells
The molecule ATP is the cells energy currency or usable form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is ATP made of?

A

They are a nucleotide that consists of the base adenine, a 5 carbonsugar (ribose) and three phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is ATP used by cells in making macromolecules?

A

Through anabolic reactions (BUILD), by linking monomers together (uses one or more ATP for each link).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which has more potential energy ATP or ADP

A

ATP has more potential energy than ADP, so conversion to ADP releases some energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Example of the use of ATP in cells when making macromolecules?

A

Building DNA during S phase (DNA replication) and building proteins (called protein synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is ATP used by the cells in active transport?

A

ATP causes reversible shape changes to pump proteins in membranes. The shape change caused by ATP allows a specific molecule to enter the pump. Becuase it is unstable compared to the original shape, it is able to revert back to its original shape without the use of ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Example of the use of ATP in cells when they are needed for movement?

A

They are needed for moving chromosomes around during mitosis/meiosis, vesicles to move as they transport stuff, pinching in during cytokinesis, changing shpes of some cells for movement sliding muscle fibers to cause contration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens when P group is released from ATP to form ADP?

A

It cause either a conformational change or chemical change (hydrolysis reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can ADP be revert back to ATP?

A

Energy is required to reform the bond of the 3rd phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does energy to revert back to ATP come from?

A

This energy comes from repiration, photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when ATP supplies are low?

A

When they are too low, the cell functions stop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to cells without ATP being present?

A

The cells breakdown within minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define cell respiration?

A

It is a step by step controlled release of energy from carbon compounds. The energy released is used to convert ADP back to ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the most common compounds used in cell respiration?

A

Many carbon compounds but the most common are carbohydrate (glucose) and lipids (fatty acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do humans obtain carbs and lipids?

A

The course of carbs and lipids for human and animals are from the food we eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do plants obtain carbs and lipids

A

They make it through photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do most cells use for respiration?

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What wastes are produced by many cells during respiration

A

Carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a gas exchange

A

O2 will have to enter the cells and CO2 will need to leave the cells during respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does cell respiration occur?

A

in the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

A

They occur through the cell membrane of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does respiration create for gas exchange?

A

They create the concentration gradient needed for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does gas exchange provide for respirations?

A

They provide a mechanism to move one of respirations reactants and remove a waste product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration require oxygen while anaerobic respiration do not require oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Two different fermentations of anaerobic respirations

A

Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does alcoholic fermentation usually occur?

A

Yeast and other fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation usually occur?

A

Humans, other animals and some bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Difference bewteen aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms of substrates used

A

Aerobic respiration uses glucose, lipids and amino acids as substrate while anaerobic respiration only uses carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms of wastes produced

A

In aerobic respiration only CO2 and water are a waste while in anaerobic respiration, CO2, lactate or ethanol are produced as a waste (no water produced)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms of ATP yield

A

In aerobic respiration high yield of ATP (more than 30, max 38) while in anaerobic respiration low ATP yield (2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of where they occur

A

Step 1 of aerobic respiration (glycosis) occurs in cytoplasm, then remainder of process is occurs in the mitochondria (use of CO2), while in anaerobic respiration, it all occurs in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why do human muscles sometimes conver to anaerobic

A

When oxygen demand is greater than the supply (oxygen debt), provides quick burst of ATP (maximizes power)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What restricts how much anaerobic respiration our muscles can do

A

Lactate waste is produced and our body can only tolerate so much (toxic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why does “the burn” occur in our muscles

A

It is lactic acid needing oxygen to be broken down and this taking some time.

34
Q

DIfferent ways to measure rate of respiration

A

Oxygen uptake (commonly used)
Carbon dioxide production
Consumption of glucose (or other substrate)

35
Q

Fomula to calculate respiration rates?

A

Amount/time, volume of CO2 consumed/tme

36
Q

What are the controlled variables whne calculating rate of respiration?

A

Temperature, air pressure should be controlled

37
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Redox reactions involves the reduction of one chemical species and the oxidation of another

38
Q

What do most redox reaction typically involve

A

Typically involve transfer of electrons, loss and gain of hydrogen/oxygen

39
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

It is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

40
Q

What happens during the break down of organic molecules

A

Hydrogen atoms/electrons are transferred to carrier molecules

41
Q

What is an electron carrier

A

It is a substrate that can accept and loose electrons reversibly.

42
Q

When do we say that it is oxydized

A

In respiration when hydrogen (with an electron) is removed from a substrate

43
Q

What od hydrogen carriers function like?

A

They function like taxis, transporting the electrons (and hydrogen ions) to the mitochondria

44
Q

Example of two electron carriers

A

NAD+ (main one) and FAD+

45
Q

What is the first step in aerobic respiration?

A

Glycosis

46
Q

What happens during the first step of aerobic respiration (glycosis)

A

Glucose is converted to pyruvate

47
Q

What is a pyruvate

A

A chain reaction, each step catalyzed by a different enzyme

48
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

Adding of a phosphate (PO4) molecule to an organic molecule,

49
Q

What is caused by phosphorylation

A

This tends to make the molecule less stable and therefore more likely to react

50
Q

Summary of glycosis

A

1 glucose converted to 2 pyruvate
2 NAD+ are converted to 2NADH+ + H+
Yield of 2ATP

51
Q

What is required for a glycosis to continue?

A

Supllies of glucose, NAD and ADP must not run out.

52
Q

When will we run out of ADP

A

When it has all been converted into ATP (No need for glycosis since cell does not need to make anymore ATP)

53
Q

How is NAD generated?

A

2H atoms are transferred to another molecule, in some human/animal cells the H from NADH is transferred to pyrubate turning it into lactate (lactic acid)

54
Q

Where does generation of NAD occur

A

In the cytoplasm

55
Q

How does the regeneration process of NAD work?

A

2NADH are generated by glycosis so at the end of glycosis both NADH can be converted back to NAD

56
Q

A way NAD is regenerated in terms of converting pyruvate

A

Pyruvate can be converted to ethanol and CO2 in a process called alcoholic fermentation, producting 2ATP of glycosis indefinitely

57
Q

What is the type of anaerobic respiration that regenerate NAD with only glycosis called?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

58
Q

Define decarboxylation

A

Is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide

59
Q

What happens in the link reaction

A

Pyruvate enters the matrix of the mitochondria via active trasnport (by a transporter protein). Pyruvic acid is then converted into a usable form acetyl Co-A

60
Q

what is the characteristics of a Krebs cycle

A

They begin adn end with the same substance

61
Q

When happens when a cell’s level of ATP are low?

A

Acetyl coA enters the Krebs cycle

62
Q

Where does the oxidation and decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the krebs cycle with yield of ATP and reduced NAD occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

63
Q

How much ATP per tun does the Krebs cycle generate

A

1 ATP per turn of acetyl coA by phosphorlyation is generated

64
Q

What happens to most of the chemical energy during the Krebs cycle

A

Most of the chemical energy is transferred ruing the redox reactions

65
Q

What does NADH and FADH2’s role in the oxidation and decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the krebs cycle?

A

They transport their load of high energy electrons to the ETC (Electron transport chain)

66
Q

What is produced as a waste product during the oxidtaion and decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the Krebs cycle

A

CO2 is produced as a waste product

67
Q

What is the substrate during the oxidation and decarboxylation of acetly groups in the krebs cycle?

A

Substrate is usually glucose but can be fat.

68
Q

How many carbons do oxaloacetate have?

A

4 carbon

69
Q

How many carbon do citric acid have?

A

6

70
Q

What does the kreb cycle convert citiric acid back to?

A

Kreb cycle converts citric acicd back to oxalocetate each time acetly Co-A is added

71
Q

What happens during each turn around the cycle in terms of molecules formed?

A
  • 2 decarboxylations (2 CO2 produced)
  • 3 NADH molecules formed
  • 1 FADH2 molecules formed
  • 1 ATP produced
72
Q

What are the totals after the kerbs cycle

A
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 2 ATP
73
Q

What happens in the 3rd and fianl step of electron transport chain

A
  • Groups of proteins in the inner mitochondrial memberane act as electron carriers, passing on pairs of electrons (forms ETC)
  • ADP will be converted into ATp using substances released by oxidation
74
Q

What happens to the NADH, the substances oxidized

A

The NADH made in glycolysis, link and Kerbs will provide the electrons to the ETC proteins

75
Q

How does the first protein in teh ETC oxidize NADH?

A

It oxidize NADH by removing 2 electrons ,converting it back to NAD and gaining energy as it does

76
Q

What happens to the FADH2 made in Krebs?

A

FADH2 made in krebs is also transferred to the ETC, providing 2 electrons/H’s

77
Q

Characteristics of Intermembrane space

A

Small space to quickly accumulate proteins

78
Q

Characteristics of inner memberane of the mitochondria

A

Contains ETC and ATp snthase for oxidative phosphorylation

79
Q

Characteristics of matrix of the mitochondria

A

Has appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle

80
Q

Characteristics of the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

Contains transport proteins for shuffling pyruvate into mitochondrion

81
Q

Characteristics of cristae of the mitochondria

A

Highly folded so as to increase SA Vol ratio

82
Q

What happens after the electrons from NADH are accepted by the first protein in the ETC

A

The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier, releasing energy at each step

83
Q

What is the energy released (from the 3 proteins) used for?

A

It is used to transfer protons across the inner membrane (from the matrix) into the intermembrane space.

84
Q

How are proteins therefore acting as proton pumps

A

Because they have to move against the concentration gradient

85
Q

What is the high H+ gradient created in the inner membrane space

A

This space is stored energy that will be used to generate ATP

86
Q

How many H+ do each proteins pump?

A

First to proteins (I and II) each pump 4H+, the third (III) pumps 2H+ for a total of 10H+ for each pair of electrons reduced from one NAD

87
Q

How many protons do FADH2 pump?

A

They only pump 6 protons for every 2 electrons

88
Q

Why do FADH2 only pump 6 protons

A

It is due to its location further down the chain

89
Q
A

Biology HL 11 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions