Cell Specialization & Stem Cells Flashcards
Unit 1, Cell Biology
Functions of Gamete
They are reproductive cells (sperm & eggs)
Define fertilization
Fusion of the male and female gamate to produce a single cell
Define embryo
In multicellular organisms the early stage sun development of the fertilized egg after repeated divisions. Mitotic divisions ensure the cells are identical.
Define differentiation
Process of cells developing in different ways to carry of specific functions.
What happens when differentiated
This leads to development of an organism involving expressing certain genes and not others.
What effect does the position of a cell has?
The position of a cell largely determines how a cell differentiates.
The position cells take is controlled by signalling chemicals.
Define morphogen gradient
It describes a mechanism by which the emission of a signal from one part of an embryo can determine its location, differentiation and fate of many surrounding cells.
Define stem cells
An undifferentiated cell with two key qualities. It has a key role in development and have therapeutic uses as well.
Two key qualities of stem cell
Self renewal - They can continually divide and replicate
Potency - They have the capacity to differentiate into specific cell types
Define embryonic stem cells
Present in the embryo, since most cells have not differentiated yet there are many
Define adult cells
Ones that remain into adulthood
Where are adult cells found?
They are found in bone marrow, skin, liver etc.
Locations they are found in the tissue is called the stem cell niche
Functions of adult stem cell
Gives stem cell niche great tissue repair and regeneration ability.
What is studying niches beneficial for?
Studying niches can help with scientists create better simulated environments outside the body/ for restorative surgeries, growing animal meat for consuming etc.
Three main types of stem cells present
Totipotent - can form any cell type and develop into entirely new organisms
Pluripotent - can form any cell type arising from the three germ layers
Multipotent - can only form a number if closely related cell types.
