Cell Signaling

Question 1

An ____________ signal is converted into an ____________ signal

Answer 1

Extracellular, Intracellular

Question 2

Receptors

Answer 2

Is where the signal molecules (ligand) binds to

Question 3

___________ requries intracellular signaling molecules where the signal is brought into the cell

Answer 3

Signal Transduction

Question 4

Cascade

Answer 4

The amplifying of the signal by activating mulitple intracelluar molecules in each round

Question 5

__________ within an intracellular signaling pathway can adjust the response to an extracellular signal

Answer 5

Feedback regulation

Question 6

What are the different types of signaling?

Answer 6

1. Endocrine Signaling
2. Paracrine & Autocrine Signaling
3. Synaptic Signaling
4. Contact - dependent signaling

Question 7

Hormones

Answer 7

Travel through the bloodstream to cells at a distance

Question 8

Paracrine

Answer 8

Cells signal to neighboring cells (short distance)

Question 9

Autocrine

Answer 9

Cells signal to themselves

Question 10

___________ can mediate long - response signals

Answer 10

Localized neurotransmitters

Question 11

___________ signaling molecules can cross membranes

Answer 11

Hydrophobic

Question 12

Steriod Hormones

Answer 12

Are derivatives of chlestrol (hydrophobic)

Question 13

____________ get activated by changing shape & directly affect target gene transcription

Answer 13

Nuclear receptors

Question 14

What are the different types of cell - surface receptors?

Answer 14

1. Ion-channel - coupled receptors
2. Enzyme - Coupled receptors
3. G-proteins - coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Question 15

___________ molecules indcues a conformational change in the receptor which allows select ions to cross the membrane

Answer 15

Signal

Question 16

The ___________ domain of the receptors has enzyme activity or binds to an enzyme

Answer 16

Cytoplasmic

Question 17

The receptor is linked to the activation / inhabition of a downstream protein by a ______________

Answer 17

GTP -binding protein (G-protein)

Question 18

G- proteins often activate enzymes that produces ____________

Answer 18

Second messengers

Question 19

Second messengers

Answer 19

Are small diffusible intracellular molecules

Question 20

What are the two examples of G-proteins -coupled enzymes?

Answer 20

1. Adenylyl Cyclase
2. Phospholipase

Question 21

_________ is produced from ATP

Answer 21

cAMP

Question 22

___________ reaction removes 2 phosphate groups & joins remaining phosphate with sugar of AMP

Answer 22

Cyclization

Question 23

_____________ phoshodiesterase converts to AMP

Answer 23

Cyclic AMP

Question 24

G-Proteins can activate ____________

Answer 24

Phospholipase C

Question 25

Inositol phopholipid is hydrolyzed into what two messengers?

Answer 25

1. Dracylgycerol (DAG) 2. Insitol triphosphate (IP₃)

Question 26

What is the process of cell signaling?

Answer 26

1. Reception 2. Transduction 3. Response

Question 27

Reception

Answer 27

When a signal molecule binds to a receptor

Question 28

Transduction

Answer 28

When the receptor is activated from the binding of the signal molecule

Question 29

Response

Answer 29

Sometype of response in the cell cell will occur when the recpetor is activated

Question 30

Endocrine signals

Answer 30

Signaling that occurs over a long distance using hormones

Question 31

G-Protein is composed of what?

Answer 31

Alpha, Beta, & Gamma

Question 32

When the G-protien is inactivate it binds to what?

Answer 32

GDP

Question 33

When the G -protein is activated by the ligand signal molecule binding to the GPCRs it binds to what?

Answer 33

GTP