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Sex Determination & Sex Chromosomes Flashcards

(32 cards)

1
Q

Sex determination

A

Underlying mechanism by which individual develops into a female or male

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2
Q

_____________ may depend on the presence of sex chromosomes

A

Sex differences

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3
Q

___________ determines gender in many species

A

Sex chromosome (X-Y system)

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4
Q

In mammals a male carries ___________ chromosome & a female has ___________ chromosme

A

One X & one Y chromosome, female carries two X chromosomes

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5
Q

Males are ____________ since they carrry one X & Y chromosome

A

Heterogametic sex

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6
Q

Females are ___________ since they have 2 X chromosomes

A

Homogametic sex

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7
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

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8
Q

The presence of ______________ is what determines if a gender is male or female

A

Y chromosome (male has Y chromosome & feamle dont)

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9
Q

The _________ system is used in mammals

A

X-Y system

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10
Q

The ________ system is used in insects

A

X-O system

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11
Q

The _________ system is used for birds & fish

A

Z-W system (ZZ-male & ZW - female)

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12
Q

The ___________ system is used in bees, wasps, & ants

A

Haplodiploid system

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13
Q

Dosage Compensation

A

Refers to the phenomenon in which the level of expression of many genes on the sex chromosomes is similar in both sexes even though males & females have a different complement of sex chromosomes

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14
Q

Dosage compensation is necessary in some species to ensure ____________ between the sexes

A

Gentic equality

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15
Q

Dosage compensation occurs in female mammals by the _____________ of one X chromosome

A

Inactiviation

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16
Q

X-chromsomes inactivation in mammals depends on the __________ & ___________

A

X-inactivation center & the Xist gene

17
Q

The _______ plays a main role on X-chromosome inactivation where it must be found on the x-chromosome for inactivation to occur

18
Q

The ______ forms proteins that coats the x-chromosomes & inactiviates it

19
Q

What are the 3 phases of X-chromosome inactivation?

A
  1. Initation
  2. Spreading
  3. Maintence
20
Q

Sex-linked genes

A

Genes that are found on only one sex chromosome but not both

21
Q

X-linked genes

A

Found only on the X chromosome

22
Q

Y-linked genes

A

Found only on the Y chromsomes

23
Q

Pseudoautosomal genes

A

Found on both the X & Y chromosomes

24
Q

X- linked alleles

A

X-linked genes

25
The __________ can be used to protect the probability of independent outcomes
Product rule
26
Product Rule
The probability that two or more independent outcomes will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities
27
The ______________ can be used to predict the probability of an unordered combination of outcomes
Binomial Expanison equation
28
The __________ test is used to test the validity of a genetic hypothesis
Chi square
29
Binomial expanison equation
P= n!/ x!(n-x)! pxqn-x
30
The ___________ is used to determine
31
The ___________ is used to determine if a genetic hypothesis is consistent with the observed outcome of a genetic cross
Chi square test
32
A ______ chi square value means a high probability that the observed deviation is due to random chance
Low