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Gene Transcription & RNA modification Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Gene

A

Is a segment of DNA that is used to make a functional product (either RNA or polypeptide)

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2
Q

Transcription

A

Making a copy of nucleotides sequence (making an mRNA from DNA sequence)

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3
Q

Protein coding genes (structural genes)

A

Encode the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (make proteins)

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4
Q

When a __________ is transcribed the 1st product is an mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

Structural gene

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5
Q

________ is the process where DNA sequence is used to form an mRNA

A

Transcription

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6
Q

Translation

A

The sequence of nucleotides within the mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide to make a protein (the protein then determines traits & phenotypes we have)

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7
Q

Describe central dogma

A

Gene (DNA)
(transcription)
mRNA
(translation)
Proteins (polypeptides to form proteins)

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8
Q

_________ requires base sequences that perform different functional roles

A

Genes expression

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9
Q

_________ can turn on genes to make a product

A

Gene expression

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10
Q

__________ goes through transcription & translation

A

Structural genes

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11
Q

Promoter region

A

Provides a site to begin transcription

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12
Q

Terminator region

A

Site where the end of transcription happens

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13
Q

DNA is _________ into mRNA from promoter to terminator region

A

Transcribed

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14
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins that recognize base sequences in the DNA & control the rate of transcription

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15
Q

Regulatory sequences (regulatory elements)

A

Short stretches of DNA that are involved in the regulation of transcription

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16
Q

Ribosome -binding site

A

Sequence in mRNA that provides a location for the ribosome to bind & begin translation

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17
Q

_______ contains codons to make polypeptide sequences where the 1st is the start codon & the stop codon ends translation

A

mRNA

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18
Q

Genes have ________ like regulatory sequences, promoter, terminator region & copied region

A

Sub region

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19
Q

__________ where the regulatory proteins bind & has temporal & spatial control

A

Regulatory sequence

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20
Q

__________ where the RNA polymerase binds to make mRNA (where transcription occurs)

A

Promoter region

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21
Q

_________ contains the sense strand

(which is the same as mRNA & contains U instead of T)

A

Copied region

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22
Q

________ also contains the template strand that is “read” by RNA polymerase

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A

Copied region

23
Q

_____________ where RNA polymerase stops transcription

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A

Terminator region

24
Q

________ has regulator sequences where ribosome binds to form polypeptide

25
Start codon is ______ where it starts translation & the 1st amino acid formed is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ATG, methionine
26
Stop codon stops translation & the codon are _____ or ______ or _______ where no amino acid is formed
TAA or TAG or TGA
27
What are the different DNA regions?
1. Regulatory sequence region 2. Promoter region 3. Terminator region
28
What are mRNA regions?
1. Ribosome bind site 2. Start codon 3. Codons 4. Stop codons
29
Condon are what?
3 - nucleotides sequences in mRNA that makes an amino acid
30
Stop codon specifies the _______ of a polypeptide
End
31
Bacterial mRNA can be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Polycistronic
32
Polycistronic
Means it encodes two or more polypeptides
33
What are the 3 stages of transcriptions?
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
34
Initiation
Transcription factors bind to regulatory sequence & RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region & starts transcription
35
Elongation
When RNA polymerase makes mRNA
36
How does Termination occur?
When RNA polymerase reaches terminator region & stops transcription, both mRNA & RNA polymerase breaks off
37
During the initiation of transcription _______ is formed
Open complex
38
A _________ is a short sequence of DNA that is need to start transcription (its where RNA polymerase binds to & its before the copy region)
Promoter
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ make up 90% of genes & its genes that goes from mRNA to protein
Structural Genes
40
Non structural genes (un-translated RNAs) make what during translation?
rRNA & tRNA
41
Non structural genes (un-translated RNAs) make what during gene expression?
miRNA
42
Non structural genes (un-translated RNAs) make what during mRNA processing?
snoRNA & snRNA
43
What are the two main region within the promoter region for it to be recognized?
1. -35 box which has the sequence of 5' - TTGACA-3' 2. -10 box (TATA box) which has the sequence of 5' - TATAAT-3'
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ yields better transcription because RNA polymerase binds better
Strong promoter
45
The 1st transcription site is denoted as ______ & the promoter region is right before the transcription site
+1
46
Consensus Sequence
Most commonly occurring bases within a sequence element
47
Bacterial (E. Coli) transcription is initiated when RNA polymerase ____________ binds at a promoter
Holoenzyme
48
What are the two subunits in RNA polymerase holoenzyme?
1. Core enzyme which has 5 subunits 2. Sigma factor (is the 6th subunit) & it creates the RNA polymerase holoenzyme
49
What makes a complete holoenzyme?
The core enzymes & the sigma factors
50
The _________ recognizes the promoter region
Sigma Factor
51
The sigma factor is also a ___________ because it influence the function of RNA polymerase
Transcription
52
Describe the regulation of gene expression in bacteria (transcription part)
From a gene the genetic regulatory proteins bind to the DNA & control the rate of transcription
53
Describe the regulation of gene expression in bacteria (Translation part)
1. From mRNA translational repressor proteins can bind to the mRNA & prevent translation from starting 2. Riboswitches can produce an mRNA conformation that prevents translation from starting 3. Antisense RNA can bind to the mRNA & prevent translation from starting
54
Describe the regulation of gene expression in bacteria (Posttranslation part)
1. In feedback inhibition, the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway 2. Covalent modifications to the structure of a protein can alter its functions All forms a functional protein

Biology (64 decks)

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