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AP BIOLOGY > Cell Signlaing Quiz > Flashcards

Cell Signlaing Quiz Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Types of Local signaling

A

Paracrine signaling and synaptic signaling

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2
Q

Signals that act locally between cells that are close together; move thru diffusion through extracellular matrix—discharging molecule

A

Paracrine signaling

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter molecule released into synapse—stimulates target cell.

A

Synaptic signaling

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4
Q

Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids (mainly blood)

A

Endocrine signaling

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5
Q

What type of molecules are secreted by signaling cells

A

Messenger molecules

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6
Q

What are the three stages of signal transduction pathway

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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7
Q

Chemical signal binds to a cellular protein at cell surface

A

Reception

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8
Q

Binding changes protein, stimulates changes like signal transduction pathway

A

Transduction

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9
Q

Transduced signal activates cell activity

A

Response

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10
Q

What is a ligand

A

Molecule that binds to another molecule, often larger.

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11
Q

A ligand causes the receptor protein to…

A

Change shape

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12
Q

Enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

A

Protein kinase

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13
Q

What is responsible for phosphorylation, occurs in cascades

A

Protein kinase

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14
Q

What do protein phosphates do

A

Catalyze the removal of phosphate groups from proteins making inactive and reusable

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15
Q

Used for intracelular signal transduction, activates protein kinase

A

Cyclic AMP

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16
Q

What is synthesized from ATP by G proteins and that are attached receptors and become released when receptor is actived

A

Cyclic AMP

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17
Q

What is the 2nd messenger cAMP made from…

A

ATP by adenylyl cyclase

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18
Q

Cyclic AMP is inactivated by,,,

A

Phosphodesterase, enzyme that converts it to AMP

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19
Q

Activation of specific gene by a growth factor

A

Nuclear responses

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20
Q

The stimulation of glycogen breakdown by epinephrine

A

Cytoplasmic response

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21
Q

Cellular processes altered upon receipt of a signal

A

Nuclear and cytoplasmic

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22
Q

What happens nuclear responses?

A

Protein stimulates transcription of specific genes; mRNA directs synthesis of protein in cytoplasm

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23
Q

What is the result of cytoplasmic response

A

Glucose 1-phosphate

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24
Q

Ion channel receptors

A

Contains a region that acts as a gate when receptor changes shape—when signaling molecule binds as a ligand

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25
Acceptor tyrosine kinases
Enzymes that are capable of adding P to tyrosine on target proteins; at cellular membrane, activated by ligand
26
G protein coupled receptor
Cell surface trans membrane receptor that works with G protein; transmits signal from extracellular substances
27
Reasons cell division is important for unicellular and multiveullar organisms
Uni: only way they can reproduce Multi: need cell division to grow and replace dead or damaged cells
28
Why a cell division important to an adult organism after it is fully developed
Cells in the skin and gut our continuously renewed. | Heal wounds
29
Role of growth factors
Cells divide in response to specific molecular signals
30
What is differentiation
Cells stop dividing in response to specialize in structure and function
31
Purpose of apoptosis
Renews unhealthy or damaged cells in the mature organism
32
Molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death
Cell cycle regulators
33
Cell division on villus happens where
Crypt
34
Cell differentiation happens where on villus
Lumen, up the crypt
35
Apoptosis happens where on the villus
Top of villus
36
Too little cell division ex
Hair loss
37
Too much cell division ex
Warts tumors
38
Four cell cycle events
Growth DNA replication Prep to divide Division
39
What happens in growth phase
G1
40
What happens in dna replication
Synthesis , cell increases in size and begins to replicate
41
What is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle
Regulates the progression from one phase of the cell cycle to the next
42
What type of protein regulates the cell cycle encoded by proto oncogenes
Stimulating
43
What type of protein regulates the cell cycle encoded by tumor suppressor genes
Inhibitory
44
The most important cell regulators
Cyclic dependent kinases
45
Enzymes that add a phosphate to other proteins to activate or inhibit their function
Kinase
46
When are CDKs present inside the cell during the cell cycle
When they are bound to other proteins
47
CDKs form molecular complexes with
Cycling
48
What do activates CDK cyclin complexes do
Stimulates cell cycle
49
The interphase alternates with
Mitosis
50
What happens during interphase
Cell grows and replicates its DNA
51
What three factors determine if a cell eneters GO
Organisms stage in development, type of cell, and resources available
52
What is the resting or non dividing stage
Go phase
53
Ex permanently in Go
Neuron and muscle cells
54
Leave Go profess example and divide again
Liver tissues
55
What causes uncontrolled cell division at the genetic level
Mutations affecting proteins that regulate cell cycle
56
What happens if APC gene is mutated
Trouble with cell differentiation phase, tumor
57
What does mutated proto oncogenes cause vs tumor suppressor genes
Increase stimulation, loss of inhibition
58
To cause cance proto oncogenes require __ allele(s) to be mutated and are consisdered __ . Results in
1 Dominant Gain
59
To cause cancer tumor suppressant genes require __ allele(s) to be mutated and are consisdered __ . Results in
2 Recessive Loss
60
Impact on cell cycle of proto oncogenes vs oncogene
Oncogene: normally stimulates growth Proto: goes ahead it’s cycle when mutated
61
Impact on the cell of one mutated tumor suppressor or two
One: cycle is okay Two: mutant form of protein, cycle acts inappropriately
62
Role of p53
Can stop cell cycle at many places so DNA can be replaced.
63
What happens if both p53 alleles are mutated
The cell won’t receive a signal to apoptosis and cancer can develop
64
Why do ppl with BRCA 1 gene have a higher likelihood of cancer
If someone inherits 1 mutated allele, they will develop cancer
65
Potential outcome of MAD protein
Sister chromatids will be pulled apart to two daughter cells, unequal chromosomes
66
Steps of mitosis
Prophase, meta, Ana, telo, cyto
67
Mitosis phase, | : chromatin condenses into chromosomes and nucleolus breaks down
Prophase
68
Mitosis stage: Chromosomes link up end to end, spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids
Metaphase
69
Mitosis stage: Sister chromatids are pulled apart now spindle, pulling one chromatid to one pole, and other to opposite side
Anaphase
70
Mitosis stage: At each pole of the cell, a full set of chromosomes game her, membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two nuclei, sign,e cell punches the middle to form the separated daughter cells
Telophase
71
Order of the phases of interphase
G1: cellular content, chromosomes are duplicated S phase: DNA replication and chromosome duplication G2: cells grows and prepares for mitosis, checking for errors Mitosis: divides into two daighter cells
71
Two checkpoint areas in cycle
G1: checks growth factors and nutrients of cell G2: checks of chromosomes replication is complete and no dna damage
71
Prophase
Nucleus dissolves, spindle is beginning to form
72
Metaphase
Chromosomes move to spindle, middle of the cell, centrosomes at both poles attach to microtuboules
73
Anaphase
Pulls duplicated chromosomes apart to opposite poles . Centromeres split

AP BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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