Test 1 Flashcards by Mia Sassano

Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in…

Hydrogen bonding

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When does a hydrogen bond form

When slightly negative oxygen is attracted to slightly positive hydrogen of water molecule.

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Cohesion

Pulls water upward in microscopic water conducting cells of plants

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specific heat

Heat absorbed when hydrogen bonds break and is released when hydrogen bonds form

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Water has a what specific heat

High

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Why does ice float

It’s less dense than liquid water

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Polarity with hydrogen bond properties

Gives water the ability to stick to itself (cohesion)
Stick to other substances (adhesion)
Have surface tension (due to H bonding)

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What makes water a good solvent

Polarity

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Why does stream of water bend

Polarity if water molecules

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Lipids form what

Barriers against water

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Carbs can be broken down for…

Energy

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4 Macromolecules

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbs
Lipids (fats)

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Ice hydrogen bonds

Stable

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Liquid water hydrogen bonds

Weak

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Hydrophilic v hydrophobic

Phobic: repels water
Phillic: mixes w water

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Describe how different types of solutes dissolve in water

Water is a very polar compound. Like dissolves like.

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A water molecule can transfer what to another water molecule to form what

H, H3O + and OH-

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Bonds that are broken when water vaporizes

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules

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How many electrons does carbon have

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In organic molecules carbon usually forms

Single or double covalent bonds

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Methane

CH4

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In molecules with more carbons, every grouping of a carbon bonded to four other atoms has a

Tetrahedral bond (atoms join to those carbons are in the same place as the carbons)

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In a carbon dioxide molecule,

A single carbon Adam is joined to two Adams of oxygen by double covalent bond

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Hydrocarbon

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

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Simplest organic molecule

Hydrocarbon

Properties of an organic molecule depends on

Arrangement of its carbon skeleton in chemical groups attached to that skeleton

Seven chemical groups most important in biological processes

Hydroxyl carbonyl carboxyl and amino sulfhydryl, phosphate, methane

Hydroxyl carbonyl carboxyl and amino sulfhydryl, phosphate are

Hydrophilic and increase solubility in water

Methane is

Not reactive

Structure of hydroxyl

-OH, polar, help dissolve organic compounds like sugar

Structure of carbonyl

O // -c \ carbon joined to oxygen by double bond

Carboxyl

``` O // —C \ OH ``` Acid: oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to an OH group

Amino structure

Base: nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen Atoms (NH2) ``` H / -N \ H ```

Sulfhydryl

—-SH

Phosphate structure

``` O || -O—P—O- | O- ```

Methyl

—CH3

Chemical grouping effect

Molecular shape

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base

Amino

Which three classes are macromolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acid‘s

Carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acid’s or what molecules called polymers

Chain like

A long molecule consisting of many building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Polymer

Repeating units that serve as building blocks of a monomer are smaller molecules called

Monomers

A monomer joins with another monomer with the release of a water molecule, leading to the formation of a covalent bond. What reaction is this

Dehydration reaction

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by

Hydrolysis

Example of hydrolysis

Process of digestion.

Polymers linked by what

Covalent bonds

In hydrolysis, bonds are...

Broken by adding water molecules. H attaches and OH attaches

Body cells use what reaction to assemble monomers into new polymers that carry out specific functions to a cell

Dehydration

Carbohydrates include

Sugars

Hydrogen and hydroxide connected by

Covalent bonds

Polymer of carbs

Monosaccharides and polysaccharide

Polymer of proteins

Amino acids

Polymer of lipids

Fatty acids And glycerol

Saturated fats

Single bond

Unsaturated fats

Double bond

Example of unsaturated fat

Steroids (4 rings): insoluble in water

Polymer or nucleic acid

Nueclotides

Nucleotides contain...

Sugar, base, and phosphate

Example of polysaccharide

Starch and cellulose

Monosaccharides example

Glucose, fructose, CH20

Carbs end in

-ose

Simplest carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

Monomers form larger molecules by

Dehydration reactions

Disaccharides

Lactose sucrose

Carbohydrates function

Fuel

Function of starch and glycogen

Stores glucose for energy

Function or cellulose

Strengthens plant cell walls

Tricylglycerals: lipids

Fats or oils, glyceral + 3 fatty acids

Tricylglycerals function

Energy source

Phospholipids made up of

Phosphate group and 2 fatty acids

Function of steroids

Membrane formation

Steroids are

Lipids

All lipids are...

Hydrophobic

Why are lipids not considered to be macromolecules or polymers

Polymers are chains of smaller molecules, while lipids have a starter molecule like a fatty acid

What is the most structurally and functionally diverse class of biological molecules

Proteins

How many types of amino acids are there

Proteins functions

Store amino acids, chemical reaction, transportation, structural support, cell movement, protect against disease. (Enzymes and hormones)

Nulecic acid function

Store, transmit, help express hereditary info

DNA vs RNA

DNA:double stranded, intertwined, sugar=deoxyribose, nitrogenous bases: C,G,A,T, stores hereditary info RNA: C,G,A,U, sugar=ribose, single stranded, gene expression

Levels of protein structure

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Primary structure...

Sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

Coils and folds, alpha helix and beta sheet formed because hydrogen bonds are made above carboxyl and amino acid

Tertiary structure

R groups interacting

Quaternary structure

Multiple chains formed

Structure = function in

Protein

Is a polar and nonpolar switch out of a protein which levels of protein structure are affected

1 and 3

DNA and proteins contain

Nitrogen

Polar v nonpolar

Polar interact with one another and nonpolar aligns in the center

All amino acids are effected by

Carboxyl

When making polypeptide bonds..

Amino acids and carboxyl come together

Test 1 Flashcards

(90 cards)