Cell Structure Test Flashcards by Mia Sassano

A group of mutations, known as MT-ND1, have been identified in mitochondrial DNA. These mutations are associated with a number of debilitating diseases stemming from the production of nonfunctional proteins in the mitochondria. Which cellular deficiency would occur due to the mutations.

Lack of electron transport and ATP production.

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Ribosomes are responsible for…

Protein synthesis. If the cell can’t form proteins, it’s a defect in the ribosomes.

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Too many toxins in the cell could be a result of deficiencies in the process of…

Detoxification

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Braking down materials is done by…

either smooth ER or lysosomes.

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What happens in the golgi

Proper folding and tagging of proteins for release from cell.

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Electron transport chain and ATP production are associated with proteins in the…

Inner membrane of mitochondria

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Nonfunctional proteins in the mitochondrion are to result in…

Reduced ATP production

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Which cellular component will be found in the widest range of organisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Ribosomes, all organisms need to synthesize proteins

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What kind of cells don’t contain mitochondria

Prokaryotic

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Which organelle is used to breakdown glucose

Mitochondria

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Chloroplasts only found in

Photautotrophs

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Cell walls found in…

Prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotes

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Amino acids in…

Mitochondria

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Amino acids are incorporated into…

Proteins

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Lysosomes have what type of enzymes

Hydrolyric

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Protein production in

Rough ER

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Increasing number of folds in the inner mitochorial membrane is supported by…

Increases SA available for ATP production, faster cell growth

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Water and cellular wastes are stored where?

Vacuoles

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The transport of proteins to the plasma membrane typically involves the

endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, and membrane-bound vesicles.

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Fewer stomata is needed as…

Concentration of CO2 increases

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Why is testosterone able to enter into the membrane?

It is nonpolar and can diffuse thru membrane

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Steroids diffuse through

Phospholipid membrane

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Steroids won’t firm..

Covalent bonds with peripheral membrane proteins.

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Protein Channels allow…

Large or charged molecules that can’t cross the membrane

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Testosterone charge

Uncharged and hydrophobic

The interior of a phospholipid bilayer is...

Hydrophobic

Region 1 of protein... region 2...

Region 1: interacts with aqueous environment: hydrophilic. | Region 2: interior of bilayer, hydrophobic

Cholesterol structure and function

iRegulate fluidity if cells plasma membrane, polar head and non polar region

What transport methods are affected by temperature

Active transport and diffusion, transport rates increase at increased temp

Active transport needs..

ATP.

Endocytosis of protein won’t occur when

Protein is unavailable outside cells

Changing concentration of a protein will change the...

Availability of protein outside the cells

What is endocytosis

Actively transporting molecules in cell by engulfing with membrane

What organelle digests food brought into cell with endocytosis

Lysosome

After a vesicles containing food fuses with lysosome, H+ ions...

Are transported into lysosome from cytosine

Lowering of pH of lysosome results in

Activating enzymes that digest

Simple diffusion allows molecules to move

Down a concentration gradient. Charged H ions can’t pass through bilayer without channel protein

Which of the following transport mechanisms will be affected most directly by a temporary shortage of ATP molecules inside the cell?

The transport of glucose molecules against a concentration gradient

The movement of water molecules through aquaporins is an example of...

Passive transport, doesn’t require ATP

Oxygen molecules move across membrane by...

Simple diffusion, doesn’t need energy

Against concentration gradient...

Requires ATP

Without ATP, the Na+ concentration outside the cell will...

Decrease because ions leak into cell but won’t be pumped out of cell

Without ATP sodium ions will leak

Into cell, resulting in increased concentration in cell

Without ATP K+ concentration inside cell will

Decrease because ions leak out of cell but won’t be pumped in

WithoutATP k concentration outside cell will.

Increase because ions Elam out of cell, not being pumped in

Thicker bilayer will..

Slow movement of substances across membrane

Embedded proteins increase...

Movement of substances across membrane

Lowosmolarity to high is an example of

Passive transport

Water molecules move by diffusion through aquaporins..

Passive transport

Assistance of protein channels and large molecules

Facilitated diffusion

Molecules that move against a concentration gradient

Active transport

If hydrolytic enzymes are released,

Cell death happens

Smooth ER plays a role in

Lipid synthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in

Chloroplasts and some prokaryotes

Which of the following observations best supports the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis?

Mitochondria surrounded by double membrane

Cellulase function

Digests cellulose and damages cell wall, not cell membrane

Examples of passive transport

Steroids, CO2

small non charged particle in

Simple diffusion

Active transport examples

Pumps, hydrogen pump, sucrose w proton pump,

endosymbiosic organelles and free living differences

Endo: help the greater cell it’s apart of | Free living: work for themselves

What cells do and don’t have compartmentalization

Do: eukaryotic | Don’t p: prokaryotic

Tonicity

Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic

Hypotonic vs hypertonic

Hypo: concentration greater inside cell. Hyper: concentration greater outside cell

Which type of cells are more efficient

Eukaryotes

Double membranes of mitochondria

Folder inner membrane to increase SA AND ATP production. | Outer membrane

Rough ER makes what

Proteins

Smooth ER synthesizes what

Lipids

Flagella and cilli are found in

mitochondria

What type of ribosomes are in rough ER and make things to be exported out of cell

Bound

What type of ribosome makes things staying inside cell

Free

SA to V ratio

Rate of diffusion doesn’t change, when cell grows volume increases at higher rate

Why are cells so small

Smaller cells have higher ratio allowing more molecules to move across membrane, cells need to distribute and get rid of wastes fast

Cell wall function and structure

Protection, turgor pressure protection, made of cellulose and structural proteins

Cholesterol helps w...

Rigidity of membrane

Name for channel proteins

Aquaporins

Phospholipids

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, regulate cellular processes

Cholesterol

Support, sterol lipid

Hydrophobic interior, channels, cell adhesion: what am I

Integral protein

Bound to surface of membrane, size and shape of membrane: what am I?

Peripheral protein

Bind cells together, collagen makeup, regulates cellular functions

Extracellukar matrix

Carbohydrate, stability, cellular recognition

Glycolipid

Sugar attached, adhesion

Glycoprotein

Example of facilitated diffusion

Glucose, carrier mediated | H20: channel mediated

Simple diffusion:

No ATP, along concentration gradient, nonpolar small particles

Single ATP powered pump that transports a certain solute indirectly drives active transport of solutes

Co transport

Example of cotransport

Hydrogen and sucrose, proton pump

What goes in and out of the sodium potassium pump

2 K in, 3 Na out

How does the structure of membranes influenced selective permeability

Phospholipids tightly packed | Interior hydrophobic, allows certain substances inside to pass through

Mechanisms organisms used to maintain solutes and water balance

Simple Diffusion

Large molecule transport across the plasma membrane

Passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, filtration

Passive transport diffuses...

Down concentration gradient, areas of high to low concentration

Osmoregulation

Constant water pressure and maintain salt

What types of molecules will go through facilitated diffusion

Polar, charge molecules.

Explain how the structure of a molecule affects its ability to pass through the plasma membrane.

Some membrane is a barrier, depends on the concentration, charge, and size. Molecules diffuse in areas of high to low concentration

Membrane bound structures of a eukaryotic cell

Packaging structures, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nucleus, Golgi, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes

Explain how internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles contribute to compartmentalization of eukaryotic cell functions.

Membranes and membrane-bound organelle’s compartmentalize metabolic processes and enzyme

Example of compartmentalization

Nuclear membrane , Nuclear pours

Cell Structure Test Flashcards

(97 cards)