Cell Structure and Function B

Question 1

the process of moving substances within the cell and moving substances into and out of the cell.

Answer 1

Cellular Transport

Question 2

what are the two types of cell transport?

Answer 2

passive transport and active transport.

Question 3

the movement of materials across the cell membrane that does not require energy/ATP

Answer 3

Passive transport

while the opposite is true for active transport.

Question 4

The process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Answer 4

Diffusion

(Passive Transport)

Question 5

is a special type of diffusion that uses transport proteins to move ions and other small molecules across the plasma membrane.

Answer 5

Facilitated diffusion

(Passive Transport)

Question 6

those in which concentrations are equal on each side of the cell membrane. Water passes through in both directions at the same rate.

Answer 6

Isotonic

(Solution)

Question 6

those in which the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Answer 6

Hypotonic

(Solution)

Question 7

those in which the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell.

Answer 7

Hypertonic

(Solution)

Question 8

Larger molecules and clumps of material can also be actively transported across the cell membrane by processes known as endocytosis and exocytosis.

Answer 8

Bulk transport

(Active Transport)

Question 9

the process by which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment, enclosing the substance in a portion of the plasma membrane, then pinching it off to create a vesicle.

Answer 9

Endocytosis

Question 10

the secretion of materials at the plasma membrane

Answer 10

Exocytosis

Question 11

is also called cell-drinking

Answer 11

Pinocytosis

Question 12

is also known as cell-eating.

Answer 12

Phagocytosis

Question 13

the process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms capture energy from the sun to build carbohydrates through chemical pathways; takes place in the chlorophyll.

Answer 13

Photosynthesis

Question 14

Two phases that are involved in photosynthesis

Answer 14

Light-dependent & independent reaction

Question 15

take place in the membranes of the thylakoid disks (which contain chlorophyll). These reactions’ goal is to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

Answer 15

Light-dependent reactions

Question 16

It is called the Calvin Cycle in honor of Melvin Calvin who identified this process in plants in 1957. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

Answer 16

Light-
independent reactions

Question 17

Steps of Calvin cycle

Answer 17

Carbon fixation. Reduction. Regeneration.

Question 18

the process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP in plants and animals.

Answer 18

Cellular Respiration

Question 19

two types of cellular respiration

Answer 19

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Question 20

three main steps in cellular respiration

Answer 20

gylcolysis, citric acid cylce/krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

more atp is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation

Question 21

glucose—a six-carbon sugar—undergoes a series of chemical transformations in the cytoplasm; In these reactions, ATP is made, and NAD+ is converted to NADH.

Answer 21

Glycolysis

Question 22

In this proccess, it’s converted into a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known as acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated.

Answer 22

Pyruvate Oxidation

Question 23

The acetyl CoA made in the last step combines with a four -carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four -carbon starting molecule. ATP, NADH and FADH2 are produced, and carbon dioxide is released.

Answer 23

Citric acid cycle

Question 24

The NADH and FADH2 made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, turning back into their "empty" forms (NAD+ and FAD). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and therefore ATP is produced.

Answer 24

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 25

During this time, the cell grows, replicates its chromosomes, copies organelles, and prepares for cell division.

Answer 25

Interphase

Question 26

This is an event in the life of a cell where a single cell (mother) divides to produce two new cells (daughter cells), with two equal sets of chromosomes, making them genetically identical to each other.

Answer 26

Mitotic phase | (mitosis and cytokinesis.)

Question 27

4 processes in mitosis

Answer 27

Prophase. Metaphase. Anaphase. Telophase.

Question 28

the cell starts to break down some structures including the disintegration of nucleolus, in preparation for the division of the chromosomes.

Answer 28

Prophase

Question 29

the spindle fibers are now attached to the chromosomes and is now lined up at this plate (middle) of the cell between two centrosomes.

Answer 29

Metaphase

Question 30

During this phase, the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell. Microtubules that are not attached to chromosomes elongate and push apart, separating the poles and making the cell longer.

Answer 30

Anaphase

Question 31

it is marked by the arrival of the chromosomes at the spindle poles, which means that the cell is nearly done dividing, and it now starts to re-establish its normal structures.

Answer 31

Telophase

Question 32

is another type of cell division that is used for just one purpose in the human body: the production of gametes- sex cells, or sperm and eggs.

Answer 32

Meiosis | (meiosis I & II)

Question 33

a phase in meiosis wherein the chromosomes condense and pair up into what we call homologous pairs.

Answer 33

prophase I | (meiosis I)

Question 34

a phase in meiosis wherein chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down if needed.

Answer 34

prophase II | (meiosis II)

Question 35

a phase in meiosis the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell.

Answer 35

telophase I | (meiosis I)

Question 36

a phase in meiosis the chromosomes line up individually along the metaphase plate.

Answer 36

metaphase II | (meiosis II)

Question 37

a phase in meiosis the sister chromatids separate and are pulled toward opposite poles of the cell.

Answer 37

anaphase II | (meiosis II)

Question 38

a phase in meiosis wherein nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes are decondensed.

Answer 38

telophase II | (meiosis II)

Question 39

After crossing over, the spindle begins to capture chromosomes and move them toward the center of the cell (metaphase plate).

Answer 39

metaphase I | (meiosis I)

Question 40

the homologous pairs are pulled apart and move apart to opposite ends of the cell. The sister chromatids of each chromosome remain attached to one another.

Answer 40

anaphase I | (meiosis I)