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histology exam 1 > cell ultrastructure and cytoskeleton > Flashcards

cell ultrastructure and cytoskeleton Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

2 major classes of organisms

A

prokaryotes (bacteria / archea)

eukaryotes

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

NO nucleus with nuclear envelopme membrane or bound organelles or histones

circular DNA

Flagella lack axoneme

cell wall

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

CONTAINS nucleus with nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles

histones complexed with DNA (DNA wraps around to form packed histones)

DNA organized into chromosomes

Flagella axoneme present

Cell wall absent in animals present in plants and fungi

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4
Q

Protoplasm

A

70-85% water ; electrolytes proteins lipids carbohydrates

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

semi liquid contents between cell membrane and nuclear membrane surround organelles

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6
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

within the nucleus

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA

20% of nuclear mass

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

highly regulated membrane barrier

Contains: DNA nucleoproteins ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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9
Q

Nuclear envelope has how many layers

A

2
inner and outer nuclear membrane

separated by perinucler cistern

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10
Q

Outer membrane of nuclear envelope

A

double layered lipid membrane studded with ribosomes participating in protein synthesis

tends to be continuous with rER in many places

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11
Q

Inner membrane of nuclear envelope

A

lipid bilayer that separates the perinuclear space from nucleoplasm

connect to outer membrane by pores

associated with network of lamin filaments for support called nuclear lamina

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12
Q

Lamins

A

major architectural proteins of the animal cell nucleus

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13
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A

inner and outer nuclear membranes connected by nuclear pore complex 70-80 nm in diameter

mediated transport of all macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Nucleoproteins (3)

A

Histones
Nucleosomes
non-histones

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15
Q

Histones

A

most of DNA associated protein in eukaryotes

organizing and packaging DNA of a cell nucleus into structural units known as nucelosomes

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16
Q

nucleosomes

A

segments of DNA wrap around several histones

regulate DNA activity

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17
Q

NON histones

A

additional category of nucleoproteins PROTAMINE

could also be involved in gene activity

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

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19
Q

nucleolus forms around

A

specific chromosomal regions called nucleolar organizing regions

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20
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA complexed with nucleoproteins to form chromatin

chromatin packaged into chromosomes

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21
Q

gene

A

individual chromosomes contain genes or segments of DNA coding for particular traits

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22
Q

Alleles

A

different forms for the same gene

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23
Q

in most eurkaryotic cells chromosomes

A

exist as homologous pairs

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24
Q

diploid

A

2n = 46

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25
haploid
n = 23 found in eggs and sperm
26
Karyotyping
sorting of chromosome pairs according to size and shape
27
Mosaicism
cells within one individual have different genetic makeup
28
Chimeras
multiple cell lines (geneotypes) with different set of chromosomes in a single individual
29
Heterochromatin
electron dense darkly staining inactive DNA and nucleoproteins
30
Barr body
permanently inactive DNA represents degenerate X chromosome only 1 of the pair is active
31
Euchromatin
dispersed DNA active in transcription (RNA synthesis)
32
most chromatin in nucleus is
inactive heterochromatin
33
lamp brush chromosomes
active portions of unraveled chromosomes
34
Ribosomes
2 subunits 40S and 60S synthesized and assembled in nucleolus
35
Ribosomes are found in
free in cytoplasm attached to rER nuclear membrane
36
polyribosomes or polysomes
aggregates of ribosomes and mRNA frequently attach to ER -> rER
37
Endoplasmic Reticulum
network or reticulum of tiny tubular structure scattered in the cytoplasm
38
ER divides intracellularspace into
2 distinct compartments luminal = inside ER extra luminal = cytoplasm outside compartments
39
Rough ER
is frequently observed in the cells actively involved in protein synthesis and secretion
40
smooth ER
is the major site for synthesis of lipid in animal cells lipid like steroidal hormones are synthesized in sER functions in synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones and is principle organelle involved in detoxification and conjugation of drugs and toxins
41
Coated vesicles (COPI/II)
surround and coat proteins for transport bud off sER transport proteins between sER and Golgi and between golgi and cell surface
42
Golgi Apparatus
functions in post translational modification packaging and sorting of proteins synthesized in rER ex. sulfation phosphorylation glycosylation
43
Faces of the Golgi Apparatus
Cis (convex) golgi network = forming face -> proteins arrive from rER coated in transfer vesicles Trans (concave) Golgi network = maturing face -> proteins packaged into clathrin coated vesicle for secretion
44
Cis face is
closest to the rER ; convex
45
Trans face is
were things leave the golgi ; concave
46
Fates of things leaving the golgi apparatus
condensing vacuoles - vesicles bud off trans face secretory vesicles - for extracellular export via exocytosis membrane bound vesicles - for intracellular use secretory granules - long term storage
47
Membrane trafficking
during exocytosis and secretion large amounts of intracellular membrane incorporated into outer cell membrane recycled by golgi
48
Lysosomes
breaks things down membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes ex. acid phosphatase responsible for digestion of macromolecules old cell parts and microorganisms
49
1' lysosomes
newly formed lysosomes produced by rER and golgi inactive
50
2' lysosome
secondary lysosomes -> 1' lysosomes fuse with phagocytic vesicles or phagosomes and become active function in intracellular digestion
51
3' lysosome
hydrolytic breakdown results in production of 3' lysosomes AKA residual body may be excreted or remain in cells for life ex. lipfuscin pigment granules in neurons
52
what are lysosomes also used for?
to degrade organelles and cells with finite life spans during apoptosis
53
Apoptosis / autophagy
programmed cell death
54
Endosomes
primarily intracellular sorting organelles regulate trafficking of proteins and lipids among other subcellular compartments of the secretory and endocytic pathway
55
peroxisomes
membrane bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes resemble lysosomes and contain catalase and peroxidase
56
catalase and peroxidase
carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids
57
what do peroxisomes use to oxidize toxic metabolites
enzymes free radicals hydrogen peroxide *alcohol is detoxified by peroxisomes in liver cells
58
mitochondria
produce energy via Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation vary greatly in size / shape / and amount within cell move freely in cytosol present in all cells EXCEPT red blood cells and keratinocytes
59
keratinocyte
outer layer of skin
60
61
Mitochondrial matrix
inner cavity filled with amorphous matrix material contains dense granules thought to be storage sites for Ca2+
62
Mitochondrial DNA
circular DNA self replicating - reproduce by binary fission maternally inherited
63
mitochondrial eve
most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all living humans
64
cells depend on energy derived from
cellular respiration
65
cellular respiration begins in
cytosol where glucose converted to pyruvic acid
66
anaerobic glycolysis occurs in
cytoplasm
67
pyruvic acid diffused into
mitochondria site of aerobic respiration *mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes of krebs cycle
68
How is the most ATP produced
oxidative phosphorylation by cytochromes of electron transport system
69
where are cytochromes located
they are enzymes on inner membrane of cristae
70
aerobic respiration (krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) occur where
within mitochondria requires O2
71
anaerobic respiration occurs
in cytoplasm NO O2
72
inclusions
various nutrients or pigments that can be found within the cells but DO NOT have activity like other organelles ex. glycogen lipids pigments -> melanin lipofucin
73
intracytoplasmic pigments
lipofuscin - gold brown granules ; seen in neurons ; "old age" pigment melanin - black brown granular pigment ; produced by melanocytes and transported to other cells
74
what protein is most commonly associated with the inner nuclear membrane?
lamina

histology exam 1 (13 decks)

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