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histology exam 1 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

what is nervous tissue responsible for?

A

receptive, motor, and integrative functions

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2
Q

neurons transmit ____

A

electrochemical signals

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3
Q

neuroglia functions

A

insulate, nourish, support, and protect neurons

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4
Q

what is the major difference b/w the brain & the spinal cord?

A

the arrangement of gray and white matter

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5
Q

where is gray matter located in the spinal cord?

A

centrally located

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6
Q

how are gray and white matter arranged in the brain?

A

core of white matter and superficial layers of gray matter

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7
Q

where do most brain tumors originate?

A

glial origin

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8
Q

embryogenesis

A

form structural framework to guide migration of developing neurons

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

-present in the CNS
-branching cells with cytoplasmic processes ending in expansions called end-feet

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10
Q

end-feet of astrocytes

A

-expansions of astrocytes
-cover neurons, the inner surface of the pia mater, and every blood vessel of the CNS

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11
Q

glia limitans (glial limiting membrane)

A

joined end-feet processes coating the pia mater

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12
Q

functions of astrocytes:

A

-regulate interstitial fluid composition
-neurotransmitter metabolism
-potassium balance
-vascular end-feet interact with vascular endothelium to form blood-brain barrier
-distinguished by presence of glial fibrillar acidic protein

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13
Q

what are the two types of astrocytes?

A

-protoplasmic astrocyte
-fibrous astrocyte

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14
Q

protoplasmic astrocyte

A

-common in gray matter
-many branched processes
-look like bushes

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15
Q

fibrous astrocytes

A

-common in white matter
-long, unbranched processes
-help capillaries regulate interstitial fluid composition
-maintain blood-brain barrier via foot processes

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16
Q

components of blood-brain barrier

A

-CNS endothelium
-basal lamina
-pericytes
-end-feet of astrocytes

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17
Q

CNS endothelium fx in blood-brain barrier

A

unfenestrated capillaries joined by tight junction

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18
Q

basal lamina fx in blood-brain barrier

A

mechanical support and barrier to macromolecules

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19
Q

pericytes fx in blood-brain barrier

A

regulate endothelial cell morphology & may have macrophage activity and antigen presentation

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20
Q

what are the MAIN components of the blood-brain barrier?

A

tight junctions b/w endothelial cells

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21
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

-most numerous glial cells
-found in both gray & white matter
-nuclei small & dark-staining

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22
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

form myelin for multiple axons in CNS

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23
Q

demyelinating diseases

A

-affect the integrity of myelin
-can be immune-mediated, inherited, metabolic or virus-induced

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24
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

-immune-mediated disease
-multiple areas of demyelination in the CNS

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25
Guillan-Barre syndrome
multiple areas of demyelination in the PNS
26
microglia
-elongate, with ramified dendritic morphology -smallest & rarest -phagocytic; derived from mononuclear phagocyte system -found at synapses, somas, and along vasculature -use cytokines to recruit leukocytes of the peripheral immune system when brain is damaged or an infectious agent encountered -play crucial roles in important diseases
27
synaptic stripping
prune nerves near damaged tissue to promote growth/repair
28
AIDS effects on CNS
-increased microglial activity observed -HIV-1 does not attack neurons but it does infect microglial cells that produce cytokines toxic to neurons
29
ependyma
-cuboidal epithelium -lines ventricles & central canal of spinal cord
30
choroid plexus
-formed from modified ependymal cells -secretes CSF
31
endothelial cells in CSF
LACK tight junctions & ARE fenestrated (opposite of normal endothelial cells in CNS)
32
formation of CSF
1. endothelial cells have hydrostatic pressure that produces a net flow of water, solutes, and proteins that enter the surrounding loose CT 2. fluid, solutes, and proteins enter the cell 3. Na+, K+-ATPase. pumps Na+ into the lumen of the ventricle & produces a gradient that facilitates the diffusion of water from the cell into the extracellular space
33
PNS response to injury
connective tissue scar & Schwann cells form bridge b/w severed ends of nerves; if gap not too big, regeneration of axon possible; if damage too severe or old, axon may need to regrow its entire length Step 1: Schwann cells multiply to physically bridge gap *proliferate* Step 2: nerve axon sprouts neurites from proximal stump Step 3: neurites grow into distal stump; contact reestablishes function
34
anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration
portion of axon distal to point of injury degenerates
35
what happens to an injured neuron?
cell body swells & becomes brightly eosinophilic, loses Nissl substance
36
result of severe injury to PNS
retrograde degeneration & death of cell body
37
CNS response to injury
-oligodendrocytes less efficient than Schwann cells; instead, neuroglial cells
38
how do glial cells prevent regeneration?
scar tissue proliferation; physically blocks contact b/w cell body & axon
39
neurons are stuck in which phase?
Go -terminally differentiated; unable to be replaced
40
ALS
due to death of motor neurons controlling voluntary Mm
41
development of cerebellum
arose as a specialization of the vestibular system
42
cerebellum functions
mainly involved in the co-ordination of motor activities, posture and balance
43
structure of cerebellum
-cortex, with leaf-like folds called folia & medulla
44
medulla
consists of nerve fibers leading out of the cortex
45
molecular layer of cerebellum
-outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex -relatively free of neuronal cell bodies
46
the vast complexity of the synaptic clefts b/w Purkinje cells & molecular layer provides what?
rapid & simultaneous processing of signals
47
why does the cerebellum need to process signals instantaneously?
b/c it is constantly fed inputs from the body and needs to be able to respond properly and quickly
48
pyramidal cells
pyramid-shaped neurons with long, slender axons, varying in size from small to large
49
Betz cells
largest cortical neuron
50
Stellate (granule) cells
small star-shaped neurons with short axons & dendrites
51
Cells of Martinotti
small neurons with long, horizontal axons
52
Fusiform cells
vertically oriented, spindle-shaped neurons with vertical axons
53
Horizontal cells of Cajal
horizontally orientated, spindle-shaped neurons with horizontal axons; least common type of neuron, found only in superficial layer
54
how many cortical layers are there in the cerebral cortex?
6
55
cortical layer I
-most superficial layer -contains mostly dendrites & axons of cortical neurons
56
cortical layer II
-outer granule layer -contains large number of small pyramidal cells & stellate cells
57
cortical layer III
-pyramidal cell layer -contains stellate cells & medium pyramidal cells
58
cortical layer IV
densely packed stellate cells only
59
cortical layer V
-large pyramidal cells & a few stellate cells -also contain cells of Betz
60
cortical layer VI
multiple size pyramidal cells & loosely packed stellate cells
61

histology exam 1 (13 decks)

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