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histology exam 1 > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Blood

A

Transportation or exchange

Protection (immunity)

Regulation (fluid volume, pH, thermoregulation)

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2
Q

Blood is

A

a connective tissue -> contains cells, a liquid ground substance (plasma), dissolved protein (fibers)

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3
Q

how much more viscous is blood than water

A

4x

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4
Q

average volume of blood in adults

A

5 liters

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5
Q

Components of blood

A

erythrocytes - make up 44% of a blood sample // %RBC volume = hematocrit

Buffy coat - composed of leukocytes and platelets // less than 1% of blood sample

Plasma - Fluid component minus the formed elements // 55% of blood sample

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6
Q

Formed elements in the blood

A

Erythrocytes = 99% of formed elements

Leukocytes = less than .01% of formed elements

Platelets = less than 1% of formed elements

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7
Q

blood smear

A

drop of blood smeared, air dried, and stained

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8
Q

blood smears are used to

A

determine the number and kind of cells present and other morphological abnormalities

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9
Q

components of plasma

A

mixture of water, proteins, other solutes

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10
Q

what is left when proteins are removed from plasma

A

serum

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11
Q

water makes up how much of plasma

A

about 92%

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12
Q

why is water an important component of plasma?

A

water facilitates the transport of materials in the plasma

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13
Q

One major protein of plasma that is involved in blood clotting is?

A

Fibrinogen

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14
Q

Name the proteins found in plasma? (4)

A

Albumins

globulins

fibrinogen

regulatory protein

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15
Q

What is Albumin’s function

A

transports many small molecules and insoluble metabolites in the blood

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16
Q

Where is albumin synthesized

A

liver

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17
Q

What is Fibrinogen’s function?

A

responsible for blood clot formation

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18
Q

Fibrinogen is converted into long insoluble strands of

A

fibrin

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19
Q

Fibrinogen makes up what percent of plasma proteins?

A

4%

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20
Q

what is Globulins function?

A

smaller alpha-globulins and larger beta-globulins primarily bind, support, and protect certain water insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones, and ions

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21
Q

What are gamma-globulins

A

immunoglobulins or antibodies

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22
Q

What is spectrin’s function?

A

the main structural component of RBC

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23
Q

Spectrin was first identified where?

A

erythrocytes where it forms a filamentous network required for red blood cells to maintain their shape and elasticity

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24
Q

What does spectrin bind to in erythrocytes?

A

binds to the inner surface of the plasmalemma

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25
Is spectrin a plasma protein?
NO! it is a cytoskeletal protein
26
What is hemopoiesis
the production of blood cells
27
Where does hemopoiesis occur
vascular sinuses of bone marrow of certain bones Flat bones of skulls, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and some long bones
28
In a fetus where does hemopoiesis first occur
blood islands in wall of yolk sac during first trimester
29
where does hemopoiesis occur during the second trimester
Liver lymphatic tissue
30
In the last month of pregnancy hemopoiesis occurs in
bone marrow
31
Number of active hemopoiesis sites do what with age
decrease
32
Erythropoiesis
red cell production
33
myeolpoiesis
white cell production
34
the hormone erythropoietin is secreted by
kidneys
35
Colony forming units (CFU)
pluripotential stem cells which differentiate into several unipotential stem cell lines
36
Red bone marrow
active / contains large number of mature red blood cells
37
yellow marrow
inactive
38
stages of erythropoiesis
1. stem cells (CFU-E) 2. proerythroblast 3. erythroblast / normoblast 4. reticulocyte 5. mature rbc
39
Overall trends of erythropoiesis
1. progressive decrease in cell size 2. loss of nucleus and organelles 3. increase in hemoglobin
40
proerythroblast / early normoblast
first recognizable erythrocyte precursor basophilic stains blue/purple
41
Polychromatic erythroblasts / intermediate
no longer capable of division mixture of basophilia and eosinophilia = polychromasia less organelles more hemoglobin
42
orthochromatic erythroblast / late normoblast
organelles degenerate nucleus is pushed out in this stage
43
reticulocyte
immature RBC with stippled cytoplasm / still have some rRNA produced in bone marrow and released into peripheral blood increased reticulocytes can be an indicator of anemia
44
Howell-Jolly bodies
occasional basophilic nuclear remnants visible within cytoplasm usually removed by spleen
45
Mature erythrocytes lack
nuclei and organelles
46
how long do mature erythrocyte circulate
~120 days
47
reticulocytes account for what % of circulating RBCs
1-2%
48
RBCs can only make ATP by
anaerobic glycolysis
49
RBC lack nuclei which allows them to
carry respiratory gases more efficiently
50
every erythrocyte is filled with how many molecules of hemoglobin
280 million molecules of hemoglobin
51
describe the structure of hemoglobin
4 protein globins 2 alpha chains & 2 beta chains all globin chains contain a nonprotein (heme) group with an Fe ion in its center
52
what does oxygen bind to for transport in the blood
the iron ions in the globin chains of hemoglobin
53
fetus hemoglobin has a _____ affinity for oxygen compared to the mother's hemoglobin
higher
54
Anemia
any condition in which the quantity of erythrocytes is lower than normal inadequate production of RBCs lethargy, shortness of breath, pallow, fatigue, heart palpitations *strain on heart
55
Polycythemia
condition of having too many erythrocytes in the blood may have normal blood volume thick and viscous blood overuse EPO *Strain on the heart
56
Sickle cell anemia
a point mutation where glutamic acid is replaced by valine at the sixth position in the beta globin chain more fragile / easily damaged causes damage to endothelial cells due to the sickle cell's rough edges ** resistant to malaria
57
elliptocytosis
autosomal dominant disorder oval shaped RBCs caused by defective self association of spectrin subunits and defective binding of spectrin
58
Spherocytosis
Autosomal dominant condition involving a deficiency in spectrin splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen)
59
Platelets
thrombocytes small non-nucleated cells containing organelles
60
megakaryocytes
single multi-lobed nucleus "break into pieces to make platelets" (grace)
61
platelets lifespan
~8-12 days
62
platelets function
aid in blood clotting by forming physical plugs at site of vascular damage
63
extrinsic coagulation cascade
faster initiated by the release of tissue thromboplastin as a result of tissue damage
64
intrinsic coagulation cascade
slower initiated by the exposure of collagen requires numerous clotting factors (von willebrands factor and factor VIII) longer cascade rxn
65
platelets release
serotonin - constricts smooth muscle in damaged vessel to minimize blood loss
66
intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway meet at which factor
factor X
67
once factor X is activated what occurs in the coagulation cascade
the conversion prothrombin to thrombin followed by fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
68
Anticoagulants include
antithrombin III Heparin
69
hemophilia A
deficiency of clotting factor VIII defect in intrinsic pathway
70
hemophilia B
factor IX deficiency
71
Hemophilia C
Factor XI deficiency defect in intrinsic pathway
72
Von Willebrand disease
Factor VIIII and von Willebrand Factor defect in intrinsic pathway

histology exam 1 (13 decks)

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